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1、欧盟扩展后的产业结构和产业定位外文翻译 本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目: Industrial Structure and Industry Location in an Enlarged Europe出 处:/0./dokument/download-document/20-200319.6html作 者:Karolina Ekholm 原文:Industrial Structure and Industry Location in an Enlarged EuropeEffects on industrial structure Increased trade generates scope
2、 for increased specialization both between and within industries. The tendency for the accession countries in CEE to be specialized in industries such as textiles and apparel can be seen as reflecting comparative advantages in labour intensive industries. With increased trade, such inter-industry sp
3、ecialization patterns are likely to be reinforced. At the same time, we would expect increased trade to also lead to increased specialization in activities within industries that reflect the countries comparative advantages When the entire process of producing a final good involves several different
4、 activities, such as conducting research and development, producing intermediate inputs, and assemble inputs into final products, there may be benefits from locating these different activities in different countries. Assembly activities are typically relatively labour intensive, and it may therefore
5、 be advantageous for a fir- m to carry out such activities in countries in which labour is cheap. Similarly, the production of labour intensive intermediate inputs will be produced more cheaply in low-wage countries, and therefore it may be advantageous for a firm to outsource this activity to a for
6、eign firm or, possibly, to carry out the activity in a foreign subsidiary. It has been estimated that about half of the increase in trade between the OECD countries the last couple of decades is related to this type of fragmentation of production. The evidence on the bilateral pattern of trade and F
7、DI suggests that production networks of this kind typically involve countries located in geographical proximity to one another. So-called gravity analyses of trade show that, all else being equal, countries trade more with countries located close by than with countries located far away. Similar type
8、 of analyses carried out for FDI reveal the same type of pattern: all else being equal, countries invest more in countries located close by than in counties located far away e.g. Ekholm, 1998, Shatz and Venables, 2000. This means that it seems likely that the Baltic States and Poland could be prime
9、targets for firms based in Sweden and Finland looking for low-wage sites for part of their production processes. Countries such as Germany and Austria may be more prone to invest in countries such as the Czech Republic and Hungary. Kaminski and Smarzynska 2001 provide evidence that FDI inflows in Po
10、land have contributed to an increased participation in these types of global production and distribution networks. It seems reasonable to expect that increased trade between Sweden and the accession countries is going to contribute to a further specialization in skill and knowledge intensive industr
11、ies and segments of industries and a further movement away from production in labour intensive industries and segments of industries. Which regions in Sweden are likely to be the most affected by this? The previously mentioned report on the effect of Eastern enlargement on the Swedish economy from a
12、 regional perspective Eliasson et al., 1998 shows that Southern and Central Sweden had large employment shares in labour intensive industry in 1995. In particular, this was true for regions located in Smaland and Bergslagen. The report also argued that small regions tend to be more specialized in la
13、bour intensive industries than large regions, resulting in a pattern where some small regions are very dependent on labour intensive industries for local employment. The opposite pattern is found for knowledge and research intensive industries. These industries are typically found in relatively larg
14、e regions, such as regions close to the major cities Stockholm and Gothenburg and to the university towns Uppsala, Lund, and Linkoping. Another relevant question is whether accession is going to affect firms differently depending on their size. It may be easier for large firms to exploit the opportu
15、nities of improved access to the accession countries markets and of outsourcing labour intensive stages of production. Small and medium-sized enterprises SMES may find it more difficult to reap the benefits of accession, being affected mainly through increased competition from producers in CEE. A st
16、udy by the Rheinisch-Westfalisches Institute fur Wirtschaftsforschung RWI, 2000 concluded that SMES in the EU would not be affected strongly by enlargement, except possibly medium-sized firms located in regions bordering the accession countries. It is apparent that compared to many other countries, a relatively large share of the population in many of the countries in CEE have long formal educations. In this respect, these countries
