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1、非谓语动词不定式的句法功能:动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能充当句子中所有的句子成分。1.不定式做主语：(1) To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 动词不定式(短语)作主语时，常用it代替它作形式主语： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. (2)不定式和动名词做主语的区别: 动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作；不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。 例如： Doing sports is good f
2、or peoples health. To do too much exercise is not good for him as he has a heart illness.2.不定式作表语(1)表示主语的具体内容。The duty of a postman is to deliver letters and newspapers.注意：主语部分有实义动词do 时，表语中可以省略to。 What he did first was (to) walk up to his friend and hug him. (2)“be to do”还可以表示不同的情态意义。 Children are n
3、ot to smoke. (禁止)They are to marry next week. (安排)You must be patient and persistent if you are to succeed. (愿望) Man is to live a better life in the next century. (事态发展或预期的结果)注意:有几个不定式作表语，需用主动表被动：Parents are to blame if their children do not have good manners. 3.不定式做宾语(1)接不定式做宾语的常见动词：afford, agree,
4、aim, appear, arrange, begin, choose, come, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, want, wish 注意: demand/hope只能接to do 不能接sb to do。 (2)一些动词要用疑问词+不定式作宾语。 常见的动词有：decide, know, learn, wond
5、er, find out, remember, see 等。 I dont know how to do it. I havent decided whether to sell it or not. (3)feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider等动词后如果是不定式作宾语，补语是形容词（间或是名词），常用it 作形式宾语，把不定式后移。I thought it a great pity not to have invited her. I find it hard to work with him. (4)在表示“希望、打算”等动词(
6、如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等)的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。 We meant to have stayed there a week. (= We had meant to stay there a week.)(5)在介词but 和except后的动词形式：在这种句式中，如介词前有实义动词do, 后面接不带to的不定式；如果是其他动词, 则接带to不定式。 On that rainy night I had nothing to do but stay in my car. He didnt say a word but t
7、o listen. (6)作形容词的宾语句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。 John was happy to be given the job.句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。 Thisproblemiseasytosolve.Sheishard/difficulttogetalongwith.The chair is comfortable to sit on. He is pleasant to work with. 即在easy, hard, difficult, pleasant, interesting等形容词后的不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。4.不定式作宾语补足语(1)v.+ sb.+
8、 to do 常见动词：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish(2) v.+sb./sth.+ to bebelieve, consider, find, feel, imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, understandHe judged her to be a thief. (3) v.+ sb./sth. + do 感觉动词
9、和使役动词与不带to的不定式连用, 但这种句式在变为被动语态时应带to。如see, watch, notice, hear, make, have, let等。Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.(4) help sb. (to) do Id like to help him ( to ) work out the problem. 5.不定式作定语(1)不定式可以修饰作主语的名词，相当于一个定语从句，表明动作即将发生。The conferen
10、ce to take place next month will certainly be a great success. (= The conference which will take place)(2)动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰词有如下关系：动宾关系。I have much to do. I have a question to ask. 如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。She has a big house to live in. The lonely man has no one to talk to. 但：She has no place
11、 to live.主谓关系。此时被修饰词常为：the first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing 等常跟不定式作定语。He is always the first to come. He is the only one to pass the exam. 同位关系。表示被修饰词的具体内容。 I lost the opportunity to give my opinion on it.Some children had no chance to go to school. 6.不定式做状语(1) 表示目的。不定式作目的状语时，其动
12、作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后部。但如要表示强调，也可以位于句首，前面可加in order, 但不能用so as。其否定式不能用not + to do, 必须用in order not + to do 或so as not to do。I opened the window to let some fresh air in. In order to catch the train, they took a taxi. Lets hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.注意：在英语中，目的一般用不定式表示，不用for + doing
13、这一形式。We eat to live. (不用for doing)(2) 作结果状语。What have I said to make you so angry?不定式表示结果常见于下列句型：only to do; so as to do; such as to do; enough to do; too to do。 The news reporters hurried to the airport, only to be told the film stars had left. (表示该结果出乎意料)Would you be so kind as to help me carry th
14、e big bag for me?下列形容词是对人进行表扬或批评的，后面常接不定式表示结果: nice, polite, generous,kind, selfish, silly等。 You were silly not to have locked your car.He is generous to lend us a large sum of money.（3）表示原因。常表示引发某种情绪的原因。 Im happy to see that. We were surprised to hear the news. （4）表明说话人的态度，在句中作独立成分。To tell you the
15、truth, I dont like the way he talked.三、动词不定式的逻辑主语1.句子的主语就是不定式的逻辑主语。 I have much to do. 2.当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语时，需要加上逻辑主语。在Its + adj. + for sb. to do sth.结构中，形容词往往表示事物的性质。It is important for us to study English. It is easy for us to get the latest information. 在 Its + adj. + of sb. + to do sth.结构中，形容词通常表示人物的性格和特征。Its nice of you to give me so much help. (=You are nice to give me so much help.) 四、补充句型1.主语+ be said/reported/believed/thought/considered+to do He is said to have traveled to many coun
