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1、2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题Directions: There are two passages in this part with 5 sentences underlined. You are required to translate those sentences from English into Chinese. Read the following short passages carefully and ONLY translate the 5 sentences that are underlined.(1) A new com
2、mittee, set up by the editors of nine prominent medical journals, called last week for governments to tackle scientific misconduct and fraudulent publication in a more systematic way.“Cases are still exposed mostly by chance, and we worry about the scale of the problem,” says Richard Smith, editor o
3、f the British Medical Journal and a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which is one of several organizations in Europe currently looking into ways to beef up mechanisms to deal with publication misconduct. (2) COPE, whose members include the editors of the Lancet, Gut, and The Jou
4、rnal of the American Medical Association, invited more than 100 other editors here to discuss the scope of the problem and how to deal with evidence of misconduct in publications submitted to them for review. Editors related their experiences with incidents including the forging of signatures of pat
5、ients and members of ethics committees that monitor research programs, plagiarism of research published in major Western journals for republication in Eastern European journals, publishing reports of patients who could be identified without their consent.(3) These incidents were described without re
6、vealing names because of worries about libel laws and so that the careers of whistle blowers who brought cases to light would not be jeopardized.COPE, says Smith, will publish a list of reported cases of misconduct each year to sensitize editors to the problems.COPEs efforts are being matched by oth
7、er initiatives in Europe. (4) The Max Planck Society, Germanys premier research organization, is also carrying out a review of procedures it may adopt to help counter misconduct, and the results are also expected shortly. And at the most recent meeting of the European heads of research councils in D
8、ublin last month, the problem of scientific misconduct was at the top of the agenda. The council heads are looking in particular at Danish efforts that have culminated in a new national committee on scientific dishonesty. (5) Unlike the U.S. Office of Research Integrity, which can investigate miscon
9、duct claims only when they involve government funds, the Danish committee can work across the scientific spectrum. COPE is also interested in the U.S. and Danish efforts. “Editors can only go so far,” says Kennedy. “Eventually you need an independent body to investigate claims fairly.”【答案】1.由九家著名医学杂
10、志的编辑组建的一个新委员会上周呼吁各国政府以一种更系统的方式解决科学不当行为和虚假发表。2.COPE的成员包括柳叶刀肠道和美国医学会杂志的编辑，邀请了100多名其他编辑在这里讨论这个问题的范围，以及如何处理提交给他们审查的出版物中的不当行为证据。3.由于担心违反诽谤法，这些事件的描述没有透露姓名，这样将案件公布于众的告密者的职业生涯就不会受到损害。4.德国首要的研究机构马克斯普朗克学会(Max Planck Society)也在对可能采取的帮助打击不当行为的程序进行审查，结果也将很快公布。5.美国研究诚信办公室(Office of Research Integrity)只有在涉及到政府资金的情
11、况下才能调查不当行为指控，与此不同的是，丹麦委员会可以在整个科学领域开展工作。2. 不定项选择题In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Ne
12、xt year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of
13、 monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the r
14、ail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal g
15、overnments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all cust
16、omers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wi
