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1、新编简明英语语言学教程笔记Chapter one Introduction一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma
2、n communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 arbi
3、trariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Productivity *Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. Displacement *Language can be used to refer to contexts removed
4、from the immediate situations of the speaker. Cultural transmission *Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to p
5、roduce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The stu
6、dy of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all
7、 members of a speech community. 10.言语parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actua
8、lly use. 二、知识点 1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, its a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者： 瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的区别 U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky in1950针对Saussures
9、langue&parole提出Competence和performance 曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家 U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett 提出了语言的识别特征design features 3.the word language preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language. Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。 4.in order to disc
10、over the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts. 5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so its hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once.判断题 6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists
11、were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。 三、问答题 1/ What is linguistics?什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.2.why do we say language is arbitrary? Language is arbitrary in the sense th
12、at there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language.A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness
13、of language is a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. 3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。 traditional grammar is p
14、rescriptive. it is based on high written language. 传统语法是规定性的，研究高级书面语。 4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible
15、to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。 5.which enjoys priority（优先权） in modern linguistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: Speech precedes（优先，优于） writing in terms of evolution（进展演变）. A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. speech is the form in which infants（婴幼儿，未成年人） acquire their native language. 6.how is Saussures distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys ? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the
