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1、2022年考博英语-东北大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existence of other organisms. This interdependence is sometimes subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straightforward dependence of one species on another
2、 occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients directly from them. The parasitic way of life is widespread. A multitude of microorganisms (including viruses and bacteria) and an army of invertebrates or creatures lacking a spinal column (including crust
3、aceans, insects, and many different types of worms) make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms.Certain fungi and even some kinds
4、of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their external environment. These substances are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area, thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in d
5、efense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example, when attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off their invaders.Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites.
6、Although these mechanisms vary considerably, all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of foreign cells. In fact, through the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column), there i
7、s evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.The ability to distinguish between “sel” and “nonself”, while present in all animals, is most efficient among vertebrates, which have
8、developed an immune system as their defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.The word “intricate” in Line One is closest in meaning to （ ）.3.According
9、to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to （ ）.4.According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue （ ）.5.According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between “self” and “nonself” enables vert
10、ebrates to （ ）.问题1选项A.How parasites reproduce.B.How organisms react to the invaders.C.How antibiotics work to cure disease.D.How the immune system of vertebrates developed.问题2选项A.difficultB.widespreadC.criticalD.complex问题3选项A.prevent disease in humansB.aid digestionC.fight off other organismsD.creat
11、e new type of nutrients问题4选项A.becoming a parasiteB.being treated as an invaderC.altering its genetic makeupD.developing a new immune system问题5选项A.accept transplanted cellsB.detect and react to invasionC.weaken their immune systemD.get rid of antibiotics【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】主旨大意题。
12、由题干可以定位到原文首段中心句“In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms.”，中文翻译为：在面临这种袭击时，生物体已演化出各种各样的防御机制来保护自己的身体不被其他生物体入侵。因此答案为B选项：生物体如何反抗入侵者。2.【试题解析】词汇题。A: difficult“困难的”；B: widespread“普遍的，广泛的；分布广的”；C: c
13、ritical“鉴定的；批评的，危险的”；D: complex“复杂的”。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中“The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existence of other organisms.”中文翻译为：在庞大而复杂的生物群落中，每个物种的生计都依赖于其他生物体的存在。得知intricate为“复杂的”，故选D。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段“For example, when attacked by
14、 disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off their invaders.”中文翻译为：例如，当遭受致病菌类或细菌攻击时，许多种类的植物产生有助于击溃入侵者的化学物质。因此，C选项“击退其他生物体”最符合题意。4.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第三段“there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accept
15、ed only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.”中文翻译为：有证据表明，只有细胞或组织碎片来自在基因上相容或有密切关系的个体时，细胞或组织移植到一个动物中才会被接受。故B选项“被当成入侵者”最符合题意。5.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可以定位原文尾段“The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as
16、 foreign cells.”中文翻译为：这个免疫系统识别并针对外来入侵者和被看成是外来细胞的移植组织采取行动。可以得知B项“发现和反抗入侵”最为符合。2. 单选题On an average of six times a day, a doctor in Holland practices “active” euthanasia: intentionally administering a lethal drug to a terminally ill patient who has asked to be relieved of suffering. Twenty times a day, life-prolonging
