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1、. -Chapter 1第一章 Land and People 英国的国土与人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成局部 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3.The British
2、 Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛大不列颠岛较大的一个和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of G
3、reat Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is
4、 in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5.The monwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and
5、 has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。 Chapter 2 第二章 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源公元前5000年1066年 I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克尔特人的到来和定居 Celts were practiced famers. The drained much of marshlands and built houses of wood.They wre i
6、ronworkers, too. Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basis of the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德鲁伊教). 克尔特人是有经历的农民，他们排干沼泽地，用木材建造房屋。他们还打造铁器。格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为根底开展而来的。 1、 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. 约公元前700
7、年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。 2、The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。 The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC. 第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的降临。 The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC. 第二次高潮是约公元前400年布列吞人的抵达。 The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。 II.
8、The Anglo-Sa*ons (446-871) 盎格鲁撒克逊人公元446871年 1 Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Sa*ons.盎格鲁萨克逊时代奠定了英国的根底 In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Sa*ons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. 五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼条顿部落。The Jutes, who fished and fa
9、rmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449.Then the Sa*ons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Esse*, Susse* and Wesse* from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the
10、6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Esse*, Susse*, Wesse*, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. 居住
11、在日德兰半岛现丹麦南部上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。一个朱特人首领于449年当上了国王。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居，同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人够上。这七个主要王国肯特、埃塞克斯、塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚，合称为七王国。 2The early Anglo-Sa*ons converted to Christianity. 最早的盎格鲁撒克逊人改信基督教。 The Anglo-Sa*ons brought the
12、ir own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, e*cept among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen (异教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augu
13、stine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the mon people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north. 盎格鲁撒克逊人把日耳曼带到了英国。除了康瓦尔、威尔士、格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特人还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把罗
14、马圣安德鲁修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北方修道们的传教活动。 3The Early Anglo-Sa*ons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of the English nation) 早期盎格鲁撒克逊人为英国做出的奉献。 The Anglo-Sa*ons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstl
15、y, they divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system(庄园制). Finally, they created the Witancouncil or meeting of the wisemen to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still e*ists today. 盎格鲁撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家根底。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至18世纪。此外，
