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1、Sense relations 语义关系1、 Sense relations are the relations held between words within the vocabulary.2、 Five types synonymy 同义关系 antonymy反义关系 hyponymy下义关系 homonymy同形同音异义关系polysemy一词多义3、Synonymy3、1 Synonyms can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same
2、 in meaning.张维友 picture, photo, snapshot Synonymy is a term used in semantics to refer to a major type of sense relation between lexical items: lexical items which have the same meaning but differ in morphemic structure, phonological form and usage are synonyms, and the relationship between them is
3、one of synonymy.3.2 types of synonymy total / absolute / perfect synonyms: (完全同义词) are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning include. partial synonyms （部分同义词）/relative 相对 refer to items which are close enough in their meaning to
4、 allow a choice to be made between them in some contexts without affecting the meaning of the sentence as a whole. partial synonyms （部分同义词） examples: able, capable, nearly, almost announce, declare4Antonymy反义关系4.1 Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. 4.2 Types of antonymsM
5、orphologically, antonyms can be divided into root antonyms(词根反义词)and derivative antonyms（派生反义词）. P340 词根反义词： longshort, updown, whiteblack 派生反义词: code-decode, appeardisappear, usefuluseless, Types of antonymsSemantically, antonyms can be divided into three types: Complementary Contrary Converses (1)
6、 Complementaries 互补反义词 Complementaries are forms of antonyms which truly represent oppositeness of meaning. binary antonyms 二元反义词 nongradableExamples in the textbook: Adj.: dead alive, present absent, male female, true false, Noun: boy girl, man woman V. pass-fail; hit-missFeatures of complementarie
7、s They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. Another distinctive feature of this category is that such antonyms are nongradable. (2) Contraries 相对反义词 gradable antonyms Contra
8、ries are best envisaged in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. old, middle-aged, younghot, _, cold beautiful, _, ugly Such words also show the feature of gradability, that is, superlative degree or comparative degree, even some adverbs can be added into the two poles to indicate
9、the words are gradable. eg. Younger, youngest, very young, relatively youngAntonyms of this kind are characteristic of semantic polarity. These antonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other. 这种反义词的特点是语义二极性
10、。这些反义词形成了处于两极之间的一支等值尺，并可以提供不属于两端的中间地带。(3) Converses 关系反义词 Converses consist of relational opposites such as parentchild, husbandwife, predecessorsuccessor, employeremployee. The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other
11、.a. Nouns: husband - wife; student-teacher; doctor-patient; b. Verbs: buy-sell; teach-learn; give-take; rent - let; save-waste; win-losec. Prepositions: above-below; in front of-behind; Note 天地heaven and earth 夫妻man and wife 因果cause and effect 来去come and go 远近far and near 黑白black and white 厚薄thick a
12、nd thinNote fire and water heat and cold eat and drink right and left rich and poor old and new heavy and light sooner or later The Use of Antonyms 反义词的使用 (1) Antonym have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining the meanings of a given word. 反义词有各种实际用途，在解释词义方面早就被
13、证明很有用处、很有价值。 fresh bread, fresh air, fresh flowers, fresh look stale bread, stuffy air, faded flowers, tired look The Use of Antonyms 反义词的使用(2)Antonyms are useful in enabling us to express economically the opposite of a particular thought, often for the sake of contrast. 反义词能使我们简洁地表达一特定思想的反面，常常是为了形成
14、对比。 The Use of Antonyms 反义词的使用(3) Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together. 反义词常用来构成对偶句，以便将对立的思想放在一起取得强调的效果 Art is long, life is short. Easy come， easy go. More hate, less speed. United we stand, divided we fall. Hope for the best and prepa
15、re for the worst. The Use of Antonyms 反义词的使用(4) Many great writers are fond of using antonyms to serve their stylistic purpose. 许多大作家喜欢利用反义词以达到其风格上的目标。It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the age of incredulity, it was the season of light, it was the epoch of d
