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1、初中从句类型【宾语从句】宾语从句由关系代词或关系副词引出。 我们根据引导宾语从句的连词不同， 可把宾语从句分为三类。学习宾语从句,我们应该注意三个方面：连接词、语序和时态。一、连接词1. that 引导宾语从句时,that 只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,也没有词义,常可省略。如: I know（that） he is a Canadian athlete.2. whether 或 if 引导宾语从句时,whether 或 if 在句中不充当句子成分,意为“是否”,不可省略。如: I don t know whether/ if my parents agree with me.注意:与or n
2、ot直接连用时只能用 whether不可用if。如： He didn t say whether or not he would be staying here.3. what, who, whose, which 等连接代词和when, where, how, why 等连接副词引导宾语从句时,这些词在从句中充当一定的句子成分,都有各自的词义,不能省略。如: He didn t understand what the teacher said. I don t know when we will have a meeting.二、语序1. 在含有宾语从句的复合句中,宾语从句须用陈述句语序。如
3、: Do you know where he lives?2. 当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, guess, suppose, imagine, expect 等词时,宾语从句中的否定词常常转移到主句中,译为汉语时,仍把从句翻译成否定的意思。否定转移句的主语一般是第一人称。如: I don t think （that） Tom is wrong. 我认为汤姆没错。三、时态1. 当主句的谓语动词是现在时态或一般将来时的时候 ,宾语从句的谓语动词可根据需要使用各种时态。 但如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词也必须使用相应的过去时态。如: I want to kno
4、w how he came yesterday. She asked if he was leaving for Beijing soon.2. 宾语从句表述的是客观事实或普遍真理时,不管主句的谓语动词是什么时态,宾语从句仍使用一般现在时。如: The teacher told us that the moon moves around the earth.用法注意一、 if 和 when 既能引导宾语从句,又能引导状语从句。因此,一定要认清它们一种形式的“两副面孔”,从而准确地判断句子的类型。如 :I don t know if / when he will come tomorrow. （
5、 宾语从句 ）If / When he comes, I ll tell you about it.（ 状语从句 ）二、 宾语从句与简单句含有宾语从句的复合句有时可以变为简单句。该知识点在句型转换的题型中经常会作为考点出现。现归纳如下 :1. 在某些由疑问词 （why 除外 ） 引导的宾语从句的复合句中 ,当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,原复合句可以变为简单句。【变法】把宾语从句转换为“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作主句谓语动词的宾语。如:I want to know how I can open the door. f I want to know how to open the door.2.
6、 在某些由疑问词 （why 除外 ） 引导的宾语从句的复合句中 ,当从句的主语与主句谓语动词的间接宾语一致时 原复合句可以变为简单句。【变法】把宾语从句转换为“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作主句谓语动词的复合宾语。如:Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? fCould you tell me how to get to the post office?3. 在某些由 that 引导的宾语从句的复合句中, 当从句的主语与主句的主语不一致时,原复合句可以变为简单句。【变法】原复合句可变为“主语+谓语 +宾语 +宾补”的句型。如 :We
7、found that the boy was very clever. fWe found the boy very clever.I saw that they were playing basketball there. f I saw them playing basketball there.【状语从句 】状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一般不在前面加逗号。状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间，原因，条件，比较，结果，目的等类。下面我们拣重点的一个一个来分析。1. 时间状语从句在句中相当于时间状语的
8、从句叫时间状语从句 , 常由 as soon as, when, while, as, after, before, since, ever since, until, every time, each time, next time 等引导。As soon as you arrive, give me a phone call. 你一到就给我来电话 .Mary was reading when I left. 我走的时候玛丽正在读书 .While I played the piano, sister did her homework. 我在谈钢琴,姐姐在做功课.You can t leave
9、 until you go through with your work. 不完成这项工作你不能走。注意 : 1. 用 until 引导时间状语从句时, 主句应用可持续性动词,如果主句是非持续性动词,则主句用否定形式.如:I won t go until you come back. 你回来了我再走.2. 在时间状语从句中 ,常用一般现在时表示一般将来时 , 用一般过去时表示过去将来时. 如 :Don t forget to bring your DV4000 camera here when you come. 你来的时候别忘了带DV4000 摄像机 .3. 在由 since 引导的时间状语
10、从句中,主句用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时. 也可用“It is + 一段时间+ since （引导一般过去时的从句）”句型 . 如 :He has worked in that company since he graduated from Wuhan University. 他毕业以来就一直在那个公司工作.2. 地点状语从句在句中相当于地点状语的从句叫地点状语从句 .引导地点状语从句的常用词有where, anywhere, somewhere 等.Make marks where you have questions. 在有问题的地方作出标记.You can go anywhere yo
11、u like. 你可以到你想去的任何地方.Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成.3. 原因状语从句在句中相当于原因状语的从句叫原因状语从句 . 引导原因状语从句的常用词有because, as, since, for 等 .Roman was absent from school because he was ill. 罗曼病了 , 没有上学 .As Parker was in a hurry, he left this bag home. 由于派克太匆忙才把包丢家里了 .Since everyone makes mistakes, you
12、 shouldn t always criticize him. 既然每个人都会犯错误 , 你不该总是批评他。4. 目的状语从句在句中相当于目的状语的从句叫目的状语从句 . 常用 in order that, so that 引导 , 译为 “为了 ,以致 , 以便 ”.Rhonda spoke very slowly in order that we could follow. 朗达讲话很慢, 以便我们大家都能跟上.We ll sit in the front of the hall so that we can hear more clearly. 我们坐在大厅的前面，以便听得更清.5.
13、结果状语从句so that, so-that,在句中相当于结果状语的从句叫结果状语从句.常用来引导结果状语从句的引导词或短语有suchthat等，译为 如此以致于“，结果”.Miss Gao is so kind that we all respect her. 高老师很和蔼，我们都很尊敬她.This was such fine music that it was worth listening to twice. 这音乐太好了 , 值得听两遍.6. 条件状语从句在句中相当于条件状语的从句叫条件状语从句 . 常用来引导条件状语从句的连词有if, unless, as/so long as,on
14、ce 等 .If you correct all your mistakes, your work is nice. 如果你能把所有的错误改正, 你的工作就很出色.As long as you promise to go, I ll surely go. 只要你答应去, 我当然去 .Once you begin, you must continue. 你一旦开始，便不可停下来.You cannot succeed unless you work hard. 如果不努力， 你是不会成功的 .注意 : 由 if 引导的条件状语从句,不管主句是用一般将来时还是一般现在时,或当主句是祈使句时, 从句都
15、用一般现在时; 主句是过去将来时, 从句用一般过去时.If the weather is fine tomorrow, we ll go hiking. 明天天气好的话, 我们就去徒步旅行.7. 让步状语从句在句中相当于让步状语的从句叫让步状语从句 , 常用的引导词有though, although, even though, even if,whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, whosever, whenever, wherever, however 等 .Although/ Though Toby works very hard, (yet) she makes very slow progress.尽管托比很努力 ,但进步还是不大。Even though/ if you say so, I do not believe it. 即使你这么说，我也不信.Whatever you do, you should do it well. 不管做什么事, 都要做好 .8. 比较状语从句用来进行比较的状语从句叫比较状语从句，常用来引导比较状语从句的连词有 as - as, not as/so as, than等.Carol speaks English as
