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1、1. The significance of leisure as a research subject2. List of “happiness boosters” advocated in the reading “The new science of happiness”答案：（SectionI-Leisure+in+perspective 34页+文章）Gratitude journala diary in which subjects write down things for which they are thankful.Performing acts of altruism o
2、r kindnessvisiting a nursing home, helping a friends child with homework, mowing a neighbors lawn, writing a letter to a grandparent.Three blessingstaking time each day to write down a trio of things that went well and why.Figuring out strengths and find new ways to deploy them: cerebral virtues vs.
3、 interpersonal virtues3. Definition of leisure as time/activity/a state of mind答案：时间l Leisure defined as time spent free of obligation and necessityl Non-work/non obligated timel Discretionary任意的自由决定的/non occupied /spare timel Time when we are free to do what we choosel Time during which feelings of
4、 compulsion 强迫should be minimall Time beyond what is required for subsistence 生存(work, school) and existence存在 (things we must do biologically to stay alive e.g. eat, sleep, etc)l It is not about time but about how the time is spentl Higher chance to have leisure when we are comparatively 相对的free, b
5、ut leisure can also occur in un-free conditions活动l Leisure defined as a cluster of一串 activities resulting in relaxation and rejuvenation恢复活力 (external world)l “Leisure is an activity apart from the obligation of work, family and society to which the individual turns at will任意, for either relaxation,
6、 diversion消遣, or broadening his/her experiences and spontaneous自发的 social participation, the free exercises of his creative capacities.” - Dumazedier (1967)l No activity can be said to always serve as leisure for the participantl Activities may be meaningful, pleasurable, or compelling to different
7、individuals or only in certain situations, cultures, lifestyles, life stages, tastes, etc.心境 想法l Leisure defined as a state of mind leading to self-meditation 冥想and self-improvement (internal world)l A mood of contemplation沉思l Religious celebrationl Perceived freedom and internal locus of control 控制
8、点l Leisure the necessities of being willfully and meaningfully occupiedl Leisure an internally located compulsion to shun 避免from pure pleasure seeking but find/establish/invent meaning through choices from heart。4. Conditions and common characteristics of the “flow” experience答案：1）52页 Conditions of
9、flow experience：l Challenging activity that requires skillsl The merging of action and awareness l Clear goalsl Immediate feedbackl Concentration on the task at handl Sense of controll The loss of self-consciousnessl The transformation of time2）53页Common Characteristics of “Flow” Experiences：A sense
10、 that ones skills are adequate to cope with the challenges at hand, in a goal-directed, rule-bounded action system that provides clear clues as to how well one is performing (The balance between challenge and skills boredom vs. anxiety ) Concentration is so intense that there is no attention left ov
11、er to think about anything irrelevant, or to worry about problems (Capability of concentration and developed skills the sense of satisfaction ) An activity that produces such experiences is so gratifying that people are willing to do it for its own sake, with little concern for what they will get ou
12、t of it, even when it is difficult, or dangerous.5. Aristotle and Platos major arguments about leisure答案：PPT Section2第7页开始AristotleFor Aristotle, leisure meant being occupied in something performed for its own sake or as its own end - listening to music or poetry, interaction with friends, and, most
13、 importantly, contemplation.Aristotle was a philosopher of happiness and a philosopher of leisure. Happiness can appear only in leisure. He repeats it many times- the ability to appropriately use leisure is the basis of the free mans whole life.What is the idealized leisure for Aristotle?We should n
14、ot play. We play to relax and to regenerate for work. In other words, play has a purpose. Play does not produce happiness but a feeling of relief from tension and physical effort. For Aristotle “leisure is a different matter”. It has its intrinsic pleasure, intrinsic happiness and intrinsic felicity
15、. This kind of happiness can only be experienced by people who have leisure.Aristotles notion of leisure As against any purposeful activities As unoccupied freedomIntrinsic happiness , intrinsic pleasure and intrinsic felicity Not equals to play Appropriate activities: Music and contemplation Cultiv
16、ate the minds PlatoTime for thought, contemplation, philosophy, and self-development are required for happiness. That time is leisure.Music, poetry and philosophy lead to beauty and eternal truth.6. Key ideas of Protestantism and their influence on Western leisure 答案：l Key ideas of Protestantism:God elects or chooses those who will
