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1、美国文学一、单选 (10/20 )二、True or false(10/10 )三、填空 (15/15 )四、根据一段作品内容节选，写出该作品的作品名及作家(5/10 )五、简答 (5/25 )六、文学评论 (20 )简答题：1. 欧文的重要地位是什么？Washington Irving（ 1） first American writer（ 2） the messenger sent from the new world to the old world（ 3） father of American literature2. 超验主义American TranscendentalismI. B
2、ackground: four sources1. Unitarianism(1) Fatherhood of God(2) Brotherhood of men(3) Leadership of Jesus(4) Salvation by character (perfection of ones character)(5) Continued progress of mankind(6) Divinity of mankind(7) Depravity of mankind2. Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute
3、 spirit (Kant)3. Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is“oversoul ”4. PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismII. Appearance1836, “Nature ” by EmersonIII. Features1. spirit/oversoul2. importance of individualism3. nature symbol of spirit/God garment of the oversoul4. focus in intuition (i
4、rrationalism and subconsciousness)IV.Influence1. It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a n
5、ew and distinctly American culture.2. It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on ” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.3.Ithelped to createthe firstAmerican renaissance one of
6、 the mostprolific period in American literature.V. Ralph Waldo Emerson1. works(1) Nature(2) Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet2.point of view(1) One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in thetranscendence of the“oversoul ”.(2) He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanc
7、tifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.(3) Ifman depends upon himself,cultivateshimselfand bringsout thedivine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect.This is what Emerson means by“the infinitude of man”.(4) Everyo
8、ne should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.3. aesthetic ideas(1) He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2) True poetry and true art should ennoble.(3) The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4) As to theme, Emerson called upon
9、 American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.VI.Henry David Thoreau1. works(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2) Walden(3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)2. point of view(1) He did not likethe way a materialisticAmerica was developingandwas vehemently out
10、spoken on the point.(2) He hated the human injusticeas representedby the slaverysystem.(3) Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuinerestorative, healthy influence on mansspiritual well-being.(4) He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5) He was ver
11、y critical of modern civilization.(6) “Simplicitysimplify! ”(7)He was sorely institutions of mendisgusted with “the s odd -fellow socieinundationsty ”.ofthedirty(8) He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.3. 清教主义 (Puritanism)1. features of Puritanism(1) Prede
12、stination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Humanbeings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.(3) Total depravity(4) Limited atonement: Only the“elect ” can be saved.2. Influence(1) A group of good qualities hard wo
13、rk, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.(2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth garden of Eden.(3) Symbolism: the American puritan s metaphoricalmodeof perceptionwas chieflyinstrumentalin callingintobeing a literarysymbolismwhich is distinctly American.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobilityoften t
