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1、语言与文化复习资料答案1120BBBBABDCAC2125AAAACI.110DDDBADCBCCII.1.CD2.AD3.CD4.ABD5.ABCDIII.110FTFTFFTTFT1120FTTFFTFTTF2125TFTTTIV1.accenting2.Hypotactic3.Afteryou4.contact5.Excuseme6.hypotactic7.Itsmypleasure8.environmentalism9.Paratactic10.Chronemics11.softeningwords12.nuclearV.culture:文化.Cultureistheuniquesty
2、leandcustom,whichanationformsinthehistoryofitsowndevelopment.2. communication:交际.Communicationmaybedefinedasthatwhichhappenswheneversomeonerespondstothebehaviorortheresidueofthebehaviorofanotherperson.3.one-waycommunication:单向交际.Communicationwithoutfeedbackiscalledone-municativecompetence交际能力Theabil
3、itytobehaveappropriatelyandeffectivelybyverbaland/ornonverbalmeanstoachieveintendedresultsatagiventime,inagiveplace,inagivencommunicationevent,andtowardsagivenpersonorpersons.4. tips:小费Theword“tipsis”theabbreviationofthephrase“toinsureprompt5. ”service”vocalics:副语言Vocalicsisalsocalledparalanguage,it
4、isthestudyofthenonverbalelementsofthevoice.6. ethnocentrism:民族中心主义.Ethnocentrismisakindofpsychologicaltrend,thatistointerpretortojudgeallothergroups,theirenvironmentsandtheircommunicationaccordingtothecategoriesandvaluesofourownculture.7. privacy:免受不受欢迎的侵扰的自由，私事权freedomfromundesirableintrusionschurc
5、hsale:Saleofthingsdonatedbyfollowersofareligioninthechurch.在教堂里廉价出售教徒捐赠的东西。smalltalk:WhentwostrangersareintroducedtoeachotherintheU.S.orU.K.,theyusuallystartwhatiscalledsmalltalksoastomakethecommunicationcangoonsmoothly,thatistokeeptheballrolling.闲聊，小谈culturalcommunicationinformation交际文化Culturalcomm
6、unicationinformationreferstotheknowledgethatisnecessaryforsuccessfulinterculturalcommunication.non-contactculture非接触文化Somepeoplessuchasnativespeakersfeelmorecomfortablewhencommunicatingwithothersatagreaterdistance,suchacultureiscallednon-contactculture.VI.1. WhatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandEng
7、lishcompliments?.InEnglishpeopleexchangecomplimentseachother:fathertoson,husbandtowife,friendtofriend,etc.ButthereareculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.Firstlyculturaldifferencesexistinwhocanbecomplimented.InEnglishspeakingcountriesonecanpraisemembersofonesownfamily.Awomancantalkabouthowhar
8、dherhusbandworksandhowwellhehasdoneinhiscareer,andshemightdothesameabouthowwellherchildrendoatschool.ButChinesepeopledonotpraisemembersoftheirownfamilies.Theyconsideritbadtaste.Secondly,culturaldifferencesexistinwhatcanbecomplimented.ItisquitecommonforamaleEnglishspeakertocomplimentfemalesontheirgoo
9、dlooks,whileitisalmostatabooinChineseculture.2. WhatistheruleofintroductionintheUnitedStates?InEnglishculturethegeneralruleistointroduceayoungpersontoanolderone,amantoawoman,aninferiortoasuperior,theguesttothehost,anindividualtoagroup.Andbesuretomentionfirstthenameofthepersonwewishtohonor.Whenintrod
10、ucingamanandawoman,mentionthewomansnamefirstunlessthemanismucholderthanthewomanorveryfamous.Whenintroducingtwomalesortwofemales,puttheolderpersonsnamefirst.Whenpeopleareintroduced,peoplenormallyshakehandsinformalorbusinesssituations.Inthisoccasion,menusuallytakeofftheirglovesbeforeshakinghands,butwo
11、mendonothaveto.Whenamanandawomanaretoshakehands,itisthewomanwhoextendsherhandfirst.3. CompareChineseandEnglishthanks.Differenceslieinwhattothankfor.Englishspeakersthankothersformanyreasonsandonmanyoccasionssuchasborrowingapencil,askingfordirections,requestingsomeonetopassonamessage,receivingmailsfor
12、others,callingapersontothephoneandsoonandsoforth,andthisseemstobeunnecessaryandsometimesevenhypocriticaltomanyChinesepeople.Ontheotherhand,theChinesepeopletendtothanktheonewhohasdonethemamajorfavorseveraltimes,thismayseemexcessive,emptyorinsinceretoEnglishspeakersandthereforemakethemuncomfortable.Di
13、fferencesalsolieinwhomtothank.InEnglishcultureamalethankshiswife,afemalethankhehusband,afatherthankshissonandclosefriendsthankeachotherforhavingdoneanything.Thatisbecausepeoplearetreatedasindividualsandthekindnesstheyhaveshowninwhatevermayshouldbappreciatedexplicitly.ButinChina,mostofthepoliteexpres
14、sionsarereservedforstrangerandcasuafriends.Familymembersandclosefriendsneverthankeachother,fortheChineseattitudeisthattheappreciationisunderstoodandneednotbeexpressedamongclosefriendsandfamilymembers.However,thisattitudemaybetakenforrudenessorlackofconsiderationbyEnglishspeakers.4. Whatarethecross-c
15、ulturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishcultureandChinesecultureyoufindinlaughingandsmiling?ForanEnglishspeaker,laughingwhenothershavetroublesareveryimpoliteandoffensive.ButthismaynotbethecaseinChineseculture;NativespeakersofEnglish,especially,Americans,tendtosmileeventostrangerstoshowfriendliness.Evenagirl
16、maysmiletoamalestrangerfornoreasonotherthanshowingfriendliness.Incontrast,Chinesespeakingpersonswouldnotsmiletostrangerswithoutareasonfordoingso.Iffemalesdosowithoutanyreasontheymightbeviewedasfrivolous;inEnglishcultureoneisexpectedtotreatcriticismsseriouslyandthisshouldnotsmilewhencriticized.ButinChina,whencriticized,onemightsmiletoshowpolitenessort
