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1、定语：定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。定语从句=先行词+关系词+从句1. 定语从句：修饰限定某一名词或代词的从句，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰限定的词。3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。定语从句中的所有关系词不但都有具体的意义而且都在从句中担任一定的成分. 关系词有三个作用：1.引导定语从句；2.代词先行词；3.在定语从句中担当一定成分。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as 等,关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语等.关系副词有when,where,why等,关系副词在从句中作地
2、点状语(where)，时间状语(when)，原因状语(why)。关系代词作主语作宾语作定语先行词指人who/thatwhom/that(可省略）whose先行词指物which/thatwhich/that(可省略）whose先行词指人和物thatthatwhose关系副词关系副词关系副词先行词关系词在定从中的成分where地点名词地点状语why原因名词原因状语when时间名词时间状语who用于代替表示人的意义的先行词，并且在从句中作主语；在现代英语里，也可取代whom在从句中作动词的宾语。例如：I have no idea about the man who wrote the article
3、 .The little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems .whom 用于代替表示人的意义的先行词，并且在从句中作动词或介词的宾语。在现代英语里，如果whom在从句中作动词的宾语，它与who可以通用；但是如果whom在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用whom而不能与who通用了。例如：Who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ?They are looking for the patient on whom doctors jus
4、t performed an operation . whose 用于代替表示人或物意义的先行词，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。Whose常表达某人的、某物的之意。例如：Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor.which 用于代替表示事物意义的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。例如：Views which ar
5、e entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .那些全新的或是来自国外的观点或许也很难被接受。Ive got a novel which you may like to read .that 既用于代替表示人的意义的先行词，也用于代替表示事物意义的先行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓语动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语。在一定范围内，that = who / whom / which 。例如：Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to acc
6、ept .提示：定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略;如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。例如：This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday .这就是你昨天找的那本书。I dont like the novel ( that ) you are reading . 我不喜欢你看的这本小说。Who is the man ( whom ) youre talking about ? 你们谈论的那个人是谁？定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。例如：Those who are in their forties are
7、 required to have a physical examination this afternoon .请那些年龄在四十几岁的人于今天下午去进行体检。This is the magazine which was sent to me by post . 这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。关系代词that 和which的区别that 和which在一般情况都可以用于代替表示事物意义的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。但在下列情况下一般只用that而不用which ：1.先行词本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代词时，例如：
8、Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy . 任何能够燃烧的东西都是热能源。There must be something that happened to you . 你一定出了什么事。They had nothing that could cure of his disease . 他们没有一点能治愈他疾病的东西了。This is all that I want from the school.2.先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或the last, the only, the very等作定语时，This is the most
9、interesting book that l have ever read.That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.4.、先行词既有人又有物时Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?Do you know
10、 the things and persons that they are talking about?5.在以which、who、whom 引起的特殊问句中，为避免重复，常用thatWho is the man that is standing there? Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ? 在下列情况下却只用which而不用that：1.当先行词表示事物，并且在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用which ,关系代词放在介词之后 。例如：The world in which we live is made of matter .
11、我们生活的世界是由物质组成的。The world that we live in is made of matter.2.在非限定性定语从句（关于这一点随后就要讲解）中，当关系词表示事物意义时, 只能用which 。这是语法所规定的，没有任何解释。例如：The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。The cat, which is black, is eating.This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun. 3
12、.先行词本身是that, those作主语时 Those which are on the desk are English books. That which you told him about is what we want to know.多用who，不用that的情况1.先行词为anyone，one，ones时;The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2.先行词为those，he和
13、people时;These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.3.在there be 开头的句子中 There is a student who wants to see you4一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。 The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards. 5在非限制性定语从句中 I met a friend of mine in the street,
14、 who had just come from Japan. whose(只用作定语) whose表示谁(可以为人也可以为物)的(东西)A. whose 的先行词指物时，可用of which 代替， 但语序不同，即whose+名词=of which+the+名词。The novel whose title (of which the title) is Red and Black is very interesting.He lives in a room whose window (of which the window) faces south.B.whose的先行词指人时，可用of wh
15、om 代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词=of whom + the +名词。The boy whose mother (of whom the mother) is a teacher is my friend.A child whose parents (of whom the parents) are dead is called an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。as可以作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句。例如：限定性定语从句 （常用于such as和the same as 等句式中）Such points as youve mentioned are really important in solving the problem .你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要。People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays .你描述的这种人现在很少见了。This computer has the same functions as that on
