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1、 Puritanism：American Puritanism was the practice and belief of Puritans who were a group of serious and religious people ,and carried a code of value and a philosophy of life. To them, religion was the most important thing. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity
2、and limited atonement for Gods grace. They also believed in hard working, piety and sobriety. In a word, American Puritanism exerted great influences upon American thought and literature.1. American Puritanismit comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American contin
3、ent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（预言） and salvation（拯救） were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职）， thrift and sobriety（清醒） were praised.2. Transcendentalism (先验说,超越论): is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, pa
4、rticular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.3. American Realism: In American literatu
5、re, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.
6、 It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience4. Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（剧变） that unde
7、rmined the comforting faith of an earlier age. Americas literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.
8、 Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.5. Imagism（意象派）: Its a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry
9、 by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.6. The Lost generation： it refers to a group of young intellectuals （知识分子） who came back from war， were injured （受伤害） both physically （身体上） and mentally （精神上）. They lived b
10、y indulging （放任） themselves in the Bohemian （波西米亚） way of life. Their American dream was disillusioned （破灭了）. The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway.7. Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin
11、Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, soc
12、ial and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor8. Code hero: The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words. That is an individualist keeping emotions under co
13、ntrol, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times. The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause or
14、another, they boldly and courageously face the reality; whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway. 9 Iceberg Theory : It is a term used to
15、describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface. 2/Compare Whitman and Dicksons poetry in terms of co
16、ntent and technique?1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.(newness pione
