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1、施肥技术论文：陕西关中冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系下合理施肥技术研究【中文摘要】为研究陕西省关中地区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系下合理施肥技术,于20082010年在杨凌区、武功县、高陵县等陕西关中地区布置田间试验及进行农户调查,从氮肥合理用量,农户施氮现状评估,农田氮素平衡应用,专用肥配方及高产高效等方面探讨和研究适合本地区种植体系的合理施肥技术。取得主要结果如下:1.氮肥合理用量及农户施氮现状评估为研究陕西关中冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中合理的氮肥用量,在陕西关中杨凌布置了氮肥肥效田间试验,利用数学方法得出氮肥合理用量。同时对当地农户施肥现状进行了调查与评价,结果表明:冬小麦、夏玉米合理的氮肥用量分别为1
2、40和145 kg/hm2,而当前农户习惯氮肥用量分别为（211139）和（310131）kg/hm2,明显高于推荐氮肥用量,但二者产量无明显差异。过量施用氮肥导致陕西关中地区冬小麦、夏玉米土壤硝态氮含量（0100 cm土层）较高,分别为117.4和125.3 kg/hm2,同时造成经济效益损失达3 014元/hm2。在陕西关中地区的冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系下,应减少施氮量,降低投入,提高肥料利用率,避免化肥对环境的污染。2.冬小麦、夏玉米氮素平衡模式与合理施肥技术研究及应用为研究陕西关中冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中,氮素平衡施肥技术对2种作物产量及效益分析,并进行示范推广。在3个村共计30户的田块
3、设置田间试验,并同时设置“农民习惯区”和“示范区”,通过农民习惯施氮与推荐施氮2种施肥方法在产量、硝态氮残留、农户经济效益几方面的比较,验证氮素平衡施肥技术的优势与可行性。结果表明: 30户冬小麦平均示范施氮量153 kg/hm2,习惯施氮量177 kg/hm2,减少24 kg/hm2;示范产量6625 kg/hm2,习惯产量6538 kg/hm2,增产88 kg/hm2;示范硝态氮残留量（0100 cm）144 kg/hm2,习惯硝态氮残留量118 kg/hm2,增加26 kg/hm2;经济效益增收260元/hm2。30户夏玉米平均示范施氮量64 kg/hm2,习惯施氮量225 kg/hm2
4、,减少161 kg/hm2;示范产量5230 kg/hm2,习惯产量4974 kg/hm2,增产256 kg/hm2;示范硝态氮残留量96 kg/hm2,习惯硝态氮残留量124 kg/hm2,减少28 kg/hm2;经济效益增收1082元/hm2。在陕西关中冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中,运用氮素平衡施肥技术指导农民施肥,无论在肥料适量施用,减少农村非点源污染,还是在减少开支,增加产量,最终增加农民收入,改善农户生计上,都得到了较为明显的突破,可用于大面积推广应用。3.冬小麦专用肥配方制定模式与合理施肥技术研究为探明关中冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中冬小麦最佳施肥方案,制定合适施肥配方。于2009年布置田
5、间试验,消除施氮量造成的影响（总氮量相同）,拟定不同肥料配方及施肥方法,通过对其产量、肥料利用率等分析,研究施肥方法与其之间关系,从而制定合理小麦施肥配方,为本地区冬小麦种植提供理论依据与技术支撑。研究表明,关中地区冬小麦推荐施肥方法为:N150P50K50,施用配方肥,NPK养分比例为22-10-10,氮肥总量150 kg/ hm2,基施110 kg/ hm2,追施40 kg/ hm2;磷肥50 kg/ hm2;钾肥50 kg/ hm2,可以获得产量、养分吸收、肥料利用率各方面最优收益。当前农民作物种植存在施肥量过高,养分比例不合适等问题,不但没有增产,反而造成减产、肥料浪费等后果,应因地制
6、宜,选择合适配方,科学施肥,达到效益最大化的。4.夏玉米高产高效栽培模式与合理施肥技术研究为研究陕西关中冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中夏玉米不同氮、磷、钾施肥处理下产量、效益及品质,以此得出夏玉米高产高效施肥方案。在位于陕西关中地区杨凌进行田间试验,利用数学方法分析不同氮、磷、钾施肥处理下对产量、效益的影响。结果表明:在中低肥料用量下,即N（90-180）P2O540K2O50,适当增施氮肥可达到增产效果,增施钾反而造成减产;但在中高肥料用量下,即N（180-270）P2O580K2O（50-100）,继续增施氮、磷、钾肥反而造成减产趋势,氮、磷、钾肥分别为180、40、50 kg/hm2时,产量、
7、养分吸收量和肥料利用率均表现最优,施肥配方相对最佳。在陕西关中地区的冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系下,应选择适当氮、磷、钾施肥方案,适当减少氮肥用量,保持磷肥用量,控制钾肥用量,即N180P2O540K2O50,可达到夏玉米高产高效。【英文摘要】The reasonable fertilizer application technology of winter wheat/summer maize rotation system was researched in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province in 2008 2010 by decorating field e
8、xperiment and peasant household survey. And it was discussed and researched from the aspects of nitrogen determination of reasonable nitrogen use, evaluation of farmersapplication status, application of farmland nitrogen balance fertilizer, formula and high yield & high efficiency. The main results
9、are listed below:1. Determination of reasonable nitrogen use and evaluation of farmersapplication statusReasonable nitrogen use amount in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province was researched, and it was used as criteria for evaluating the status of farmersN
10、fertilization practices. Suggested amount of nitrogen use was calculated from field nitrogen effect experiment in Yangling belong to Guanzhong area. It was compared with farmersactual N application rates to analyze the differences from both the amount of soil nitrate nitrogen residue and economic be
11、nefit between them. Recommended amounts of nitrogen use on winter wheat and summer maize were 140 and 145 kg/hm2, respectively. The current farmersnitrogen use amounts were correspondingly （211139） and （310131） kg/hm2, which were significantly higher than recommendation, but there was no obviously d
12、ifference in yield. Excessive amounts of nitrogen led to higher soil nitrogen accumulation in 0100 cm soil layer, 117.4 and 125.3 kg/hm2 for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, and meanwhile, the economic benefit was wasted 3014 yuan/hm2. Reducing farmersnitrogen use amounts, lowering the f
13、armersinput in agricultural, increasing nutrient efficiency and decreasing pollution of fertilizers should be done in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province.2. Research and demonstration of reasonable fertilizer application technology of winter wheat and summ
14、er maize under nitrogen balance modeNitrogen balance fertilizer technology of 2 kinds of crop yield and benefit analysis, and demonstrate promotion in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province was researched. Field tests 30 totally were set in farmers location o
15、f 3 villages, and 2 kinds of treatment of “peasant householdshabit” and “demonstration” were set in the same field at the same time. The advantages and feasibility of nitrogen balance fertilizer technology were compared by the yield, amount of soil nitrate nitrogen residue （0100 cm） and economic ben
16、efit between farmers habit and demonstration. The results show that, in the winter wheat of 30 locations, the average nitrogen of demonstration was 153 kg/hm2, compared with 177 kg/hm2 of the habit, which reduced 24 kg/hm2; The yield of demonstration was 6625 kg/hm2, compared with 6538 kg/hm2 of the habit, which increased 88 kg/hm2; The amount of soil nitrate nitrogen residue of demonstration was 144 kg/hm2, compared with 118 kg/hm2 of the habit, which increased 26 kg/hm2; A
