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1、hapte one Intrdution 一、定义 1.语言学LinguiticLiguitis is gnealyefined asthe sinifc sudy o anguag. 一般语言学era Liguistis The stuy of langae s a whesoft caled enelligusi 3.语言lnguage anuae is a sstem oaritrary ocal ybols used for humancouniction 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4辨认特性eign atures It reer to th deiing prope
2、rsf uman angage thatdistinshit om an aimal sytem omuication. 语言辨认特性是指人类语言区别与其她任何动物的交际体系的限定性特性。 rbtrarines任意性 roductiity多产性 （发明性) Dualiy双重性 Displaceen移位性 ltural transmissi文化传递 5.语言能力Comeence (抽象）Cetnce i the ideal sers nowlege of the rleof i languge. 6.语言运用permace (具体）Performnce i thactualrealition o
3、fs knwlege in ingistic comuncaion. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。 7.历时语言学Diachoni linuistisThe study f langag chage throgh tie.a iaroic tdy of aa ia hisoral stuy, which studis t historical dvlopment of lagua ovr perid of ime.8共时语言学Synhoic linguistics Te tdyof giveagu at a gien ime 9.语言angue （抽象）he btrac li
4、nguistiystem share by al mees o apeech cmuiy.10言语pole （具体）The reltion of ngue in atual se. 11.规定性Prescriptive It ims to ly dnrulesfr”corec”ehavio,o el people wat they shd sayand wa hold no ay 12.描述性Descriptive liuisti tudy descrbes an nalyzes the languaepepe actlly use 二、知识点 1.lague isot an isoltedp
5、hnomenon, its socia atiit arreout i a crti scial nronnt by human begs. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。2.几种观点和现象的提出者： 瑞士语言学家Fd Sussure :Lanue和aole的区别 美国语言学家.Chomsky:in15针对sure lange&paoe提出Comptenc和prformne 曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家air-lnguae is a puelhumanand on-instnctive metod of comcatio ideas， emotons
6、 desies byeans of voluntarilrodcdmbs. Hall-anuage s e instuion wherebyhuns comuncte ineract with ah her mas habitually used orauditoy abitrar symbols. Chomsky-fro nowo will cosid lguge to be a st of sentnces, each finitein lengt dcnstutedout offit set of eements. 美国语言学家Chare okett :提出了语言的辨认特性esign e
7、aes 3.t wordlguage preceded ythezero-articl ,it implies that uistic stdies not anyprticula lauage. aguage一词前不加冠词阐明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。4.i oder to dscover the atureofth nering lagua tm ,what th lngustsha to do first f to tud langage facts. .lnue is acmplicat ntt with mltile ayrs andfcs， so ts hadly ossbl
8、e for the linguistics t e wih it al at one. 判断题 6.ris ewthe atenion fthe linuitserethesous used n langa.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。 三、问答题 1.what a ajo branches flinguiti?hat des cstuy? Phoetis-it dfied as te sudy o the honi mediuolauage, is conced with all the oundstt occurin h ws lnuages. Phoology-te sudy f
9、 soun sytmsth innty ofdistincte ss at occur in angag atheattrnsohh the fal. Morphlogy-Ita branch ofa rmmar wchstudes the interal trucre of wrs andthe rules b whih wrdsaefomed.Syntax-itsa subfieldof lguistic th tudies theentntruure of a anguag. Seatic-It smly efied a the study of maning iatraction.Pr
10、aatc-th study of ea n cnt f wod. oclisticsthe study o laguagewih rernce sciety Psycholinguitcs-the udy of lanuage wi rfrene totorkngfte mn plied iuistc-the apicain of liguisticprinciples and theries olnguagteahg anleaing. 2.wy doe say lanua i rbirary？ Language is ritaryin th sense th ther is noinrin
11、sc ctineten the sonds tha peol use anthetto hi thes ouner. T fat tht iffren anuage have different wrsforthe ae objectis o ustrtin fte arbitrry naturanage, ts ly our tacit greemnt ofutterac an cnceptt wrk and not ay innate reltionshp bun upinthe utteance.A ypcal eame to ilustrte he arbitrarines of la
12、nuge is a roebyn other namewodsmell a seet. hat aesmdern inguiticsdffeen fromtraditiona gramar? odernlngisisis ciptive, its intigatons ar baseo utentc ad mnspon lanuge ate现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以的确可靠的、重要以口语形式的资料为基本。taditionl grammaris pscriiv i is bed n hig writtn anguage 老式语法是规定性的，研究高档书面语。.Is moern linguistiainlysynchronic dchronic? whoer nistic i manl synchronic, ocusi th prsent-day lagage. unless th variosates
