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1、细心整理物化词汇局部：Chemical thermodynamics 化学热力学Chemical kinetics 化学动力学物理化学的分支：quantum chemistry 量子化学；structure chemistry 构造化学；catalysis 催化；electrochemistry 电化学；colloid chemistry 胶体化学。热力学体系：closed system 封闭体系：a system that does not allow transfer of substance but energyisolated system 孤立体系：a system that doe
2、s not allow transfer of substance and energyopen system 开放体系：a system that allow transfer of substance and energyInternal energy 内能：motions 分子运动；interaction 相互作用；bonding of its constituent molecules 分子成键ionic bond离子键, covalent bond共价键, coordinationbond配位键, hydrogen bond氢键, metallic bond.金属键external
3、energy 外能： velocity速度；location of its center of mass位置= kinetic 动力+potential energy 势能Thermal energy (internal energy + heat)Mechanical energy (external energy + mechanical /electrical work)Heat: energy transfer as a results of only temperature differenceWork: energy transfer by any mechanism that i
4、nvolves mechanical motion across thesystem boundaries.Microscopic properties:molecule kinetic energy 分子动能 (translational energy跃迁能, rotational energy转动能, vibrational energy振动能)Intermolecular forces 分子间力(electrostatic forces静电力, induction forces感应能, forces of attraction (or dispersion forces)分散能 and
5、repulsion排斥能, specific (chemical) forces like hydrogen bonds)Intermolecular potentials 分子势 (Lennard-Jones potential) Macroscopic properties:pressure, volume, temperatureextensive variables广度性质 (volume, mass)intensive variables 强度性质(T, P, molar volume, molar mass)Thermodynamic Equilibriums热力学平衡:therm
6、al equilibrium,热平衡force equilibrium,力平衡phase equilibrium,相平衡chemical equilibrium化学平衡PVT relationscompressibility factor 压缩因子expansion coefficient 体积膨胀系数compressibility coefficient 等温压缩系数热力学定律The first law of thermodynamics*Energyis neithercreatednordestroyed,but may change in formsenthalpy焓 heat cap
7、acity热容 isochoric等容 isobaric等压 reversible可逆, irreversible 不行逆isothermal等温, adiabatic绝热(diabatic), cyclic循环, free expansion自由膨胀 throttling 节流(isenthalpy等焓, Joule-Thomson coefficient) The second law of thermodynamicsClausius statement: It is not possible to construct adevice that operates in a cycle a
8、nd whose sole effect is to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body.The efficiency of the Carnot heat engine is defined to be:(QH-QC)/QH=W/QH=1-TC/THendothermic吸热 exothermic放热 entropy熵, isentropic process 等熵过程spontaneous system自发系统, entropy balance熵平衡热化学：Heat of reaction反响热, isothermal、isob
9、aric、only volumetric work，the reactionheat changeheat of combustion燃烧热, 25，100kPa the heat change of 1 mol pure substance fully combustionheat of formation生成热 fixed temperature and pressure，the heat change of 1 mol pure substance produced by the most stable elementGibbs free energy: G=H-TSHelmholtz
10、free energy: F=U-TS相平衡：vapor pressure蒸汽压thepressureexerted by avaporinthermodynamic equilibriumwith itscondensedphases(solid or liquid) at a given temperature in aclosed system.boiling point沸点the temperature at which thevapor pressureof theliquidequals thepressuresurrounding the liquidand the liquid
11、 changes into a vapor.melting point熔点the temperature at which it changesstatefromsolidtoliquidat atmospheric pressuresolidifying point凝固点the temperature at which it changesstatefromliquidto soild at atmospheric pressurePartial molar quantity偏摩尔量Apartial molar propertyis athermodynamicquantity which
12、indicates how anextensive propertyof asolutionormixturevaries with changes in themolarcomposition of the mixture at constanttemperatureandpressure.Chemical potential化学势, is a form ofpotential energythat can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction orphase transition.activity活度activity(symb
13、ola) is a measure of the “effective concentration” of aspeciesin a mixture, in the sense that the specieschemical potentialdepends on the activity of a real solution in the same way that it would depend on concentration for anideal solution.fugacity逸度, thefugacityof areal gasis an effective partialp
14、ressurewhich replaces the mechanical partial pressure in an accurate computation of the chemical equilibrium constant.activity coefficient活度系数, fugacity coefficient逸度系数the degree of freedom自由度 f=C-+2the number ofdegrees of freedomis the number of values in the final calculation of astatisticthat are
15、 free to varyPhase diagram相图: single-phase/binary/ternary x-y diagram, p-x-y diagram, t-x-y diagram fully /partly miscible solution可混溶的溶液,immiscible solution不行混容的溶液minimum/maximum azeotrope共沸正偏差，最低共沸点；负偏差，最高共沸点,dew point露点the temperature at which airborne water vapor willcondenseto form liquiddew., bubble point泡点, thetemperature(at a givenpressure) where the first bubble ofvaporis formed when heating aliquidconsisting of two or more components.eutectic point共熔点the point at which theliquidphase L borders directly on the solid pha
