《语法：虚拟语气和倒装句》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语法：虚拟语气和倒装句（8页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、虚拟语气 虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：1.非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人的 主观愿望。2.强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告等意思，表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这 样的含义。虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，而 起一般有明显的标志。难点释疑一、If 型If 条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气，其句型结构如下：从句主句与过去事实相 反had donewould/could/might have done与现在事实相 反did/werewould/could/might do与将来事实相 反were to do/shou
2、ld do/didwould/could/might do特别值得注意的是，这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟，即如果从句发生的动作和主句 发生的动作不一致（例如：从句动作发生在过去，主句动作发生在现在），谓语动词要根据表 示的时间进行调整。例如：If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职 位，他很可能现在就得到了。If he had left for Shan ghai yesterday, he would get there no w.如 果他昨天动身去上海 的话，他现在已经到那里了。二、
3、 Wish 型1.wish 后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，其句型结构如下：与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用 had done与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用 did与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用 would/could do例如：I wish they would cha nge the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。I wish I had nt spe nt so much mo ney我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。同样地，在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟 语气句子中，谓
4、语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。2. 由if only引导的虚拟语气与过去事实相反if only谓语动词用had done与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用 did例如：If only she had asked someones advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了！3. 由 as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气与过去事实相反 as if/as though 谓语动词用 had done与现在事实相反 as if/as though 谓语动词用 did例如：He talks about Rome as if he had been there him
5、self 谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。三、强制性虚拟语气1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词+ that + (should) + 动词原形，其中 should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：advise, ask, comma nd, decide, decree, dema nd, desire, determine, direct,nsist, maintain, move(动议，规定)，order, prefer, propose, recommend, requi
6、re, stipulate, suggest 等等。例如：It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 oclock at n ight.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。2. 以上动词转化为名词,如 suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference
7、, resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用should +动 词原形，should可以省略。例如：We are all for your proposal that discussi on should be put off 我 们都支持你推迟讨论 的建议。3. 值得注意的是，只有suggest意为建议”、insist意为坚持认为”时，从句用虚拟语气, 当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时，从句不用虚拟语气。例如：When the son suggested that they should go to p
8、ark on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him当儿子提议星期天去公园时，父亲用表情表示 了默许。The boy in sisted that he did nt cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作 弊。 (考试已经结束)The boy in sisted that he should nt cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试 中作弊。 (考试还未进行)4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (shoul
9、d) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必 要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括： important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable, anxious, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, eager, essential, fitting, imperative, improper, necessary, obligatory, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, shocked, requested, amazing,
10、 strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable, incredible 等等。例如：It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theorybut also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识，更要有实践经验，这一点很重要。It is surpris ing that they should kill the time like that他们竟然这样打发时间，真是太奇 怪了。特殊虚拟语气句子1.If it hadnt
11、 been for your assistance ， we wouldnt have succeeded.=But foryour assistance ， we wouldnt have succeeded.But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。2. If虚拟条件句的倒装形式，即把were, had, should置于句首。例：Were I in school aga in (= If I were in school aga in ),1 would work harder如果我能再上一次 学，我会学习得更
12、努力。Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=lf you had asked me,.)如果你问我，我会告 诉你。Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。3. If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。4. *suggest表“暗示” insist表“坚持说”时不用虚拟语气 比较：He insis ted that I had read his le tt er.他坚持说我看过他的信。He insis ted that I sh
13、ould read his le tt er.他坚持要我看他的信。He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner.他建议我们留下吃饭。I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him.我觉得你与他 心照不宣。5. Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不 了他。6. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, f
14、rightened, happy, pleased, proud, s orry, surprised, upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词（指现在或将来）。如：He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不 出如此简单的问题。 should + 完成式 , 指过去。如：Im very sorry that you
15、 should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败 了。I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情（from ）。倒装句 倒装是一种语法手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种：完全 倒装和部分倒装。完全倒装1）完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前（是整个谓语动词，而非助动词）。例如：The teacher came in and the class began.（没有倒装）In came the teacher and the class began. （老师走了进来，然后开始上课。）2）there引出的完全倒装句：除了最常见的there be句型以外，there还可以接 appear,exist,lie,rema in ,seem to be,sta nd等，一般都译成有的含义，构成完全倒装句。例如： There appeared to be a man in black in the distance（. 远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。）3）由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句:以地点副词here,there和时间副词now,then开头， 后面的动词是 be,come
