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1、定语从句。定义。anexcitingmatch:形容词可以放在名词之前作定语，来修饰名词thebookinmyhand:介词短语可以放在名词之后作定语，来修饰名词。但如果修饰名词的定语不是某一个词或短语，而是一个句子时，我们就要使用定语从句。定语从句通常跟在所要修饰的中心名词（先行词）之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。定语从句相当于形容词或者介词短语的作用。注意。1. 从句相当于整个句子的一个成分，因此，从句不能单独使用。Shesawthathewassleeping.（宾语从句）IamreadingthearticlewhichisaboutyourexperienceintheUK.（定语从
2、句）2. 先行词定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步。先行词通常为人、物或者是事情。e.g.IamreadingthearticlethatisaboutyourexperienceintheUK.3. 关系词从意义上说：先行词定语从句的组成部分从结构上说：先行词不在从句中出现引导定语从句，并取代先行词在从句中的成分e.g.IamreadingthearticlethatisaboutyourexperienceintheUK.关系词的功能：1. 关系词作主语（动作发出者）Thetreesareontheschoolcampus.Theyhavelo
3、sttheirleaves.Thetreeswhichareontheschoolcampushavelosttheirleaves.2. 关系词作宾语（动作接受者）Wesawthestudentjustnow.Heisthebestrunnerinourschool.Thestudentwhomwesawjustnowisthebestrunnerinourschool.3. 关系词作表语Jackusedtobealazyboy.HeisnolongeralazyboyJackisnolongerthelazyboythatheusedtobe.4. 关系词作定语（通常为所有格）Shehas
4、abrother.Icantrememberhisname.ShehasabrotherwhosenameIcantremember.5. 关系词作状语(时间状语、地点状语、原因状语)TheschoolisinShenzhen.HestudiesintheschoolTheschoolwherehestudiesisinShenzhen.4. 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。关系词。关系代词(relativepronouns)who,whom,which,that,as,whose等跟在先行词的后面，指代先行词，引出定语从句。在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语的作用。先行词人事物
5、人+事物主语who/thatwhich/thatthat宾语whom/who/thatwhich/thatthat表吾thatthatthat定语whosewhose/ofwhich/who的用法先行词必须是人，作主语和宾语e.g.Themanwhospokeatthemeetingthismorningisafamouslawyer.ThegirlwhoyousawjustnowisJane.作宾语时，可用whom,that替换，可以省略。whom的用法先行词必须是人，作宾语。通常可以省略e.g.Thegirlwhom/who/thatyousawjustnowisJane.which的用法
6、先行词必须是事物，作主语和宾语e.g.Thisisthebookwhich/thatwaswrittenineasyEnglishbyourEnglishteacher.作主语时，关系词不可省略。Thepictures(which/that)hedrewinthe1980sareonshow.作宾语时，关系词可以省略。注意(whom&which):whom&which做介词宾语时，介词常可提前，即介词+whom/which+从句，此时whom&which不能由who或that代替，不能省略。e.g.Thisisthemanfromwhomyoursonalwaysbegsmoney.Thech
7、aironwhichsheissittingismadeofwood.但当介词置于从句末尾时whom可以由who或that代替which可由that代替，都能省略。e.g.Thisistheman(whom/that/who)yoursonalwaysbegsmoneyfrom.有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配不可拆开一般还是放在动词之后不提前。Heisthestudentwhotheteachersarelookingfor.Thenumberofthechildrenwhoshetakescareofis30.动词短语是否可以拆分关键看拆分后与拆分前的意思是否相同。如果意思不变可以拆分否则
8、不行。that的用法1) that可作定语从句中的主语(取代who或which),宾语(取代who或whom或which)2) 关系代词作表语，必须使用that，指代人或物，可以省略。e.g.Myfatherisnolongertheman(that)hewas.Myhometownisnotthesmalltownthatitusedtobetwentyyearsago.3) that的特殊用法必须使用that的情况。 当先行词是人+事物时。e.g.Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyhadvisited.Thepolicehadgreat
9、troubleindivertingthemenandthecarsthathadblockedtheway. 当先行词跟在系动词be后作表语，或关系词本身作定语从句的表语时，关系代词必须用that，但也可以省略e.g.Myfatherisnolongertheman(that)hewas.Hethoughthisdaughterwouldbethedancer(that)shealwayswantedtobe.Itsabook(that)willhelpyouagreatdeal. 当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词如thefirst,thelast等词修饰时。e.g.Thisisthebest
10、filmthatIhaveeverseen.ThisisthefirstchoicethatIhavemade.SheisthemostcarefulgirlthatIhaveeverknown.ThisisthelastletterthatIreceivedfromhim. 当先行词前面有theonly,thevery,oneof,any,no,every,few,little等词修饰时。e.g.TheonlypersonthatseemstoknowthetruthisDoctorBrown.Anypersonthatwantstosucceedmustworkhard.Thereisno
11、difficultythatwecannotovercome.Ihavereadallthebooksthatcanbeborrowedhere. 当先行词本身为不定代词如anything,something,nothing,everything,all,much,few,little,none,theone时。e.g.AllthatIwantispeaceandstability.ThereislittlethatIcando.ThereisnothingthatIcantellyou.IhavetriedeverythingthatIcanthinkof.Idonotmeanthisone
12、.Imeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday.注意：anybody,nobody,everybody等不在此列。不能使用that的情况。 当定语从句前有介词时，关系代词不能用that。 that不能用于非限制性定于从句。 当先行词为one,ones,anyone,those,指人时，用who。e.g.Thosewholearnnotonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed. 当先行词是he时，用who。侈谚语)e.g.Hewhoplayswithfiregetsburnt.Hewholaughsatlastlaughs
13、best. 当先行词本身是that时，用which或who避免重复不能用于非限制性定于从句。e.g.Whatsthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?whose的用法whose作定语从句中的定语，表示所修饰的“某(些)人的”或“某物的”。e.g.TheboywhosenameisTomisthetopstudentinmyclass.Lookatthehousewhoseroofisred.注意：当whose扌旨代物时，whose+从句结构=.ofwhich+从句=ofwhichthe.+从句e.g.Lookatthehousewhoseroofisred.Lookat
14、thehouse,theroofofwhichisred.Lookatthehouse,ofwhichtheroofisred.as的用法1) as用于限制性定语从句so.as；such.as；thesame.as；2) as用于非限制性定语从句。代表所修饰的句子，作用相当于which，但比which多一层“正如”的意思。e.g.Sheisverycareful,as(=which)herworkshows.Itislikeasnake,as(=which)anybodycansee.但要注意，当as从句置于句首时，as不能由which取代。e.g.Ashehadhoped,hesawthep
15、lay.3) as的习惯用语asweallknow众所周知asiswell-known众所周知ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述aswehadexpected正如人们所预料的那样asanybodycansee正如人人都看到的那样asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样关系副词(relativeadverbs)when,where,why等跟在先行词的后面，指代先行词，引出定语从句分别表示时间、地点和原因。在从句中充当状语的作用。1) when在定语从句中作时间状语when代替at/in/on/during/sincewhich等，在定语从句中作时间状语。2) where在定语从句中作地点状语where代替at/in/towhich等，在定语从句中作地点状语。3) why在定语从句中作原因状语why引导从句作reason的定语，可以用forwhich取代，充当原因状语。注意：当先行词为某个时间/地点/reason时，关系词的选择要依据关系词在从句中的功能。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句形式上限制性定语从句前没有“，”非限制性定语从
