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1、2022年考博英语-暨南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 不定项选择题Sociology is defined as the study of human groups. In the broadest sense, sociology is concerned with understanding patterns of human relationships, their causes and their effects. Unlike psychology, sociology does not attempt to explain the behavior of a par
2、ticular individual under certain circumstances. Rather, sociology focuses on social trends or other influences that affect whole groups or categories of people. Thus, while a psychologist might counsel an individual who feels worthless after retiring from a long and successful career, a sociologist
3、would be more likely to examine societal attitudes that may contribute to the loss of self-esteem experienced by many retired persons in our society.The emphasis that sociology places on human groups rather than individuals stems directly from the work of Emile Durkheim, a pioneering sociologist of
4、the nineteenth century. Durkheim likened the nature of a social group to bronze, a unique metal that is formed when the metals tin, copper, and lead are melted and mixed together. Durkheim noted that bronze is much harder than any of its component metals. In the same way, he reasoned, the characteri
5、stics of a social group viewed as a whole cannot be determined simply by examining the characteristics of its individual members. Nor can individuals be understood strictly in terms of the individuals themselves; when people come together as members of a particular group, the group exerts considerab
6、le pressure on the individual to conform to what it considers acceptable ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Besides developing a theoretical foundation for the study of social groups, Durkheim also conducted research designed to corroborate his theoretical work. Using landmark research methods
7、, Durkheim collected and analyzed data from a number of countries that kept records on suicides.He wanted to show that social environment may have a profound effect even on those behaviors we consider most personal. The results of his study showed that suicide rates do indeed vary according to speci
8、fic social characteristics.For example, Durkheim found that members of religions with strong prohibitions against suicide are less likely to commit suicide than are members of religious groups with weaker prohibitions. He also found a lower incidence of suicide among married persons than among perso
9、ns who were single or divorced. Taken together, the findings of Durkheims study provided convincing evidence that social groups do indeed exert pressures that control or regulate the behavior of individuals, including deeply personal behaviors.Durkheims rigorous research methods captured the attenti
10、on of sociologists around the world, and were perhaps even more important to the future development of sociology than any specific research results could be. Within a short time, his specific approach to formulating and testing social theory became a model that guided the work of nearly all sociolog
11、ists. This assured Emile Durkheim a lasting place as one of the key figures in the history of sociology.1. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the selection?2. The writers main purpose in writing this selection is to（ ）.3. According to the selection, how do sociologists and psycho
12、logists differ?4. In comparing social groups to bronze, Durkheim wished to illustrate the idea that（ ）.5. Which of the following best defines the word model as it is used in the last paragraph of the selection?问题1选项A.Both the social group theory and the scientific research methods developed by Durkh
13、eim have contributed much to the field of sociology.B.Durkheim believed that individual members of a group strongly influence the groups ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.C.The research study conducted by Durkheim provided strong evidence that suicide rates vary among members of different soci
14、al groups.D.Through his research, Durkheim made great strides in distinguishing sociology from psychology.问题2选项A.outline the steps Durkheim followed in conducting his research studyB.describe the ways in which Durkheims work has influenced sociologyC.persuade the reader that social groups control mo
15、st of the behaviors of their individual membersD.explain the differences between sociology and psychology问题3选项A.Sociologists are more concerned with explaining behavior than psychologists.B.Psychologists focus more on individuals than do sociologists.C.Sociologists spend more time helping people sol
16、ve their problems than do psychologists.D.Psychologists are more interested in understanding patterns of human relationships than are sociologists.问题4选项A.a social group has characteristics that differ from those of its individual membersB.social groups are made up of three major component parts acting togetherC.each social group is a unique entity that is unlike any other soci
