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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide
2、, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissionsshort of a massive shift away from the pr
3、ivate automobileis to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas is ethanol, or methanol.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecu
4、les bum more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These react
5、ions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photo chemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel
6、 tanksa serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiencyand liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have a higher energy content per volume and would req
7、uire minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanols most attractive feature, however, is that it can r
8、educe by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that from ozone, the most serious urban pollutant.Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are mad
9、e possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles cou
10、ld be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less-fuel. Vehiclesincorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air polluti
11、on.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _.2. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because _.3. The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of methanol?4. It can be inferre
12、d that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticism of methanol in the last paragraph as _.问题1选项A.reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problemB.identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problemC.discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solu
13、tion to itD.outlining a plan of action to solve a problem and discussing the obstacles blocking that plan问题2选项A.combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactionsB.the combustion of gasoline releases photo chemically active hydrocarbonsC.gasoline molecules have a simple molecular struc
14、tureD.gasoline is composed of small molecules问题3选项A.It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.B.it has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.C.Its use would make design improvements in individual vehicles feasible.D.Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.问题4选项A.flawed b
15、ecause of the assumptions on which it is basedB.inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics argumentsC.misguided because of its exclusively technological focusD.inaccurate because it ignores consumers concerns【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author of the passage is primarily co
16、ncerned with _. 本文作者主要关注的是_。A. reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem A. 调和关于问题本质的矛盾观点B. identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem B. 确定问题解决方案的优点C. discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it C. 讨论某个问题并提出解决方案D. outlining a plan of action to solve
