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1、现代语言学名词解释 现代语言学名词解释现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language2 Phonetics :The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology ” :The study of how sounds are put together and u
2、sed in communicationis called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boyand“is-h- ” boyish, teach-teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to forms
3、entences is called syntax.For esample,” John like linguistics.”6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper becameworried. ” The seal could not be found,The king became worried. ” H the word seal means different things.7 Pr
4、agmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example,T “heI dw ord” do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of Ianguage with referenee to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in Ian guage.9Psycholi nguistics:
5、The study of Ian guage with refere nee to work ings of mi nd iscalled psycholi nguistics.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic com muni cati on is called phon etics.2 Phono logy: The study of how sounds are put together and used in com muni cati on is called phono logy.3 P
6、hone Phone can be simply defi ned as the speech sounds we use whe n speaki ng a Ian guage. A phone is a phon etic un it or segeme nt. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don t.4 Phon eme:Ph ono logy is concerned with the speech sounds which disti nguish meaning. The basic unit
7、in pho no logy is called phon eme;it is a un it that is of dist in ctive value.5 allopho ne The differe nt phones which can represe nt a pho neme in differe nt pho netic en vir onment are called the alloph ones of that phon eme.6 Compleme ntary distributi on: These two alloph ones of the same phonem
8、e are said to be in compkenebtary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segeme nt which occurs in the same place in the st in gs, the two words are said to form a mini mal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it
9、 means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phon eme;therefore, the tone is a suprasegeme ntal feature.10
10、 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as inton ati on. Inton ati on plays an importa nt role in conveying meaning in almost every Ian guage,especially in a Ian guage like En glish三形态学1 morphology: Morp
11、hology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formatio n.4 morphe
12、me: Morpheme is the smallest mea nin gful unit of Ian guage.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which arein depe ndent un its of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in comb in atio n with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be
13、used in depe nden tly but have to be comb ined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined withano ther root or an affix to form a word.8 affix: A
14、ffixes are of two types: in flecti onal and derivati on al.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beg inning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to
15、 an existing form to creat a word.Derivati on can be viewed as the add ing of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and importa nt way of forming new words in En glish. Compo unding can be viewed as the comb in atio n of two or sometimes mo
16、re tha n two words to creat new words.四句法学1 lin guistic compete nce:Comsky defi nes compete nee as the ideal user kno wledge of the rules of his Ian guage,a nd performa nee the actual realizatio n of this kno wledge in lin guistic com muni cati on.2 senten ce: A sentence is a structurally in depe ndent unit that usually comprises a nu mber of words to form a complete stateme nt questi on o comma
