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1、LESSON ONE The development of air cargo 航空货运的发展Small package service : A specialized service guaranteeing the delivery of small parcels within specified express time limits ,e.g. same day or next day. This traffic is subject to size and weight limitations. Most passenger air carriers also provide th
2、is service at airport ticket counters with delivery at destination baggage claim area. Its often referred to as counter to counter.Ton mile : The common measurement of transportation productivity. One ton mile means one ton of cargo flown one mile.All-cargo aircraft: Aircraft for the carriage of car
3、go only, rather than the combination of passengers and cargo . Cargo aircraft carry palletized or containerized traffic on the main deck and either unitized or bulk cargo on the lower deck. Cargo aircraft are normally equipped with special cargo loading systems on the main deck. Also referred to as
4、freighters.TEXTThe term air cargo is generally used in the broad sense, to include air freight , mail ,and the several types of expedited small package services. In short, almost everything that goes in the cargo compartment on a passenger flight is considered air cargo ,except passenger baggage, wh
5、ich is treated as part of the passenger.The airline got their start carrying mail, then progressed into the passenger business and moved to substantial participation in the freight business. Yet although it was the latecomer, air freight was once the fastest-growing segment of the airline industry.
6、From 1961 through 1971, the ton-miles of freight carried by US scheduled airlines had nearly a fivefold increase, while passenger-miles increased a little over threefold. The 1970s showed slower but steady growth, about a 67 percent increase over the decade for ton-miles of air freight.In the 1980s
7、small-package express services grew rapidly and data for that decade reflect freight and express combined. They show an 85 percent increase in ton-miles in the ten years. Most recent figures show an increase of 11.5 percent from 1990-1993.But it would be a mistake to downgrade the importance of air
8、cargo only because it is a small business compared with the passenger business. Because of its speed, and because of the many savings deriving from speed, air cargo service has become valuable to manufactures, to retailers, and to consumers. A manufacturer of appliances may rely on the airlines for
9、delivery of components, while retailers may use air for moving much of their merchandise to their scattered outlets. The consumer may benefit in many ways, such as quick receipt of urgently needed goods. The consumer also benefits indirectly to the extent that use of air may involve and overall cost
10、 saving in the manufacture and distribution of goods.Many airlines specialize in carrying cargo. But much cargo is carried by regular passenger airlines, which means most cargo today travels in the cargo holds on passenger flights , rather than all-cargo aircraft.In 1949 the Civil Aeronautics Board
11、(CAB) established a class of airline called certificated cargo carriers. The one member of that survived into the 1980s was the flying tiger line, which developed a large worldwide network and, for a time ,was the worlds largest carrier of air freight. In 1989 it was acquired by the small-package ca
12、rrier federal express.The 1970s and 1980s saw a remarkable growth in small-package traffic. The 1990s, however, have seen small-package carriers expand into the air freight business, the merger of Federal Express with Flying Tiger being consistent with this trend. The term integrated carrier was ini
13、tially used for small-package carriers using their own trucks for pickup and delivery“integrated” in the sense of one-com-any service from door to door. Not only have these carriers been expanding into air freight, many air freight forwards now operate their own aircraft and provide one-company “int
14、egrated” service. The term is now coming to be used to distinguish the airline that carries only cargo from the combination carrier that is primarily in the passenger business and takes cargo as a sideline.LESSON TWO Air Freight 航空运费Air waybill: The document made by or on behalf of the shipper which
15、 is a documentary evidence of carriers and shippers signature to the contract of carriage.Shipment: Also known as consignment. One or more pieces of freight being transported under the contracted authority of one air waybillCustoms Broker: an agent specialized in inbound customs clearanceContainer:
16、A unit load device (ULD) in which a consignment can be transported. TEXTThe movement of freight by air is more complicated than the movement of passengers by air. Every piece of freight has to be carefully labeled and transported from place to place. In addition, there are more complicated government regulations for international shipment of freight than for passengers.Because of these complications, mos
