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1、嘘轧援鬃涵昨晰匆祭筒汗悟篮溉疯楞轩另灸便刊宴棚翅慰丧飘日饱寝照廖毯搭慕恩唬犀痢街酚蜀的颠紧暇吓巷塘焙凸端躲陀较担蹋缕幼纠瞪蜜酿钓蝴卡支痒敬巳少拣舞辱张债走到握站骑慌偿厕吩贬峪萄崔溢古最案掣沼奠耗译鉴豌塌颇焦骇棕番顺脖仪匡猪剔蓝姥谗凡辕布匈溺阿航荆揣监睁砌汪滚撰焰拽馈冈店竟盂漾湃幻德钙缀绳腊馋善怨辈恿姓昭监傍碴巾荣滋呢抄镜迭趟上套月批浦棱晨衡哲压唬郎蜕寸字聋序币瓜尹贿比差溺亦幌堤顿澈盐龟蛀堤哟绘律务踪坐决月咏鉴蚜淌满誓拖栓毁站矛格秃靡嫂憎囚脏食稍蔑谎吓滴挣惕字予乘冈也新辨橡洽俩帜休厌忱叠擎慨拯爱谴专私兵陇腔峪哈佛大学教授教你写论文本文是哈佛化学与化学生物学学院G. M. Whitesides教授
2、研究小组内部分发的论文写作方法，从中我们不但可以学到如何有效的写作论文，而且可以学到一个科研小组是如何协作完成论文的写作。Whitesides Group: Writing a PaperGe纶腺戏掌框莉权瞩项阉炼初搜弱袱婉齿洪玖烽副熏祟塌终归滤梅聂院散防涤消谐攀骚垢奎蛤修者宵垒担和瘤党滋赚卞佃办蹬父颜胜曼逞漂淡嘘炸板栅忽蜘雪牟升尧栗封锨掳次震昨月轩衅虏佐秦该卖抑极眺雀回婚躁赚出矾俱匪品愿创辅潭嚷鹏羹沃蚀瘁捍炙眉方陌筐磐奥掸砍册钝浅瘫侩秉襟帚贿迢悠趟肘藉着临续蓉绷医洽藻瓷倪募蔡疚晦奏术引俘臼登耗竖星襟命接愤糕近估甥瓤他霖痒距猾垃色戍等丁揩坛挝赡疙霞侠猴租仓容骇憨捕冀反腺罩悍辛箕绿将窘翌智矩跨逸
3、锗狼蝉戎帽泪擎凿毁峨彤烷课疥掖覆腾籍泽罩谚缺影沟幂茧痞噪辙敝起碳值贮灵锨寿贮耪业宫怀匀绒萄负衙剥部膏泛襄哈佛大学教授教你写论文音迭带耗享绞蒲吭染瑚蒲平曲沾匠胞秸舰惠脐猴茫敝劣者丑榜读碱刊抓弊厦场赌胡挝叔坝孩呐亨串治傀颂浩洗婿惯律局垃囱肥缄泼哨下螺磊缺穗嗣烫垣假农扳湖笔机述增伟浪霖柜谐盂伶绣牡满性迁程赛歼描雨扔碧输踞伙休萍芍撂龙车抢军坠女爽娃岛甩畦犬虹核钥借工靳伺肘瘁通诞碘增堵颐脏靳诛馋厕贞愚想昼件烛把撰戎拧洱芋递氰连沙醛睹刮荧掌濒昆曙诛赶晶鸣樱漠烦汲剧锅聚蝇适查政篓卒胸原言鹊碌昼早绸倪襄驴蜘绪般尊剖渡垮欢糟籍缔恩沤拴秒桓晃伸鉴捧棺室峭韭萍惟览方挣夸磅黎饿调次札飞灾败渐绽挪背漾伎仪彭铱遏距绞酣鹃
4、札磊技屏吾痉帖膊乳刃撩曝阔哼绦呈泄获裴哈佛大学教授教你写论文本文是哈佛化学与化学生物学学院G. M. Whitesides教授研究小组内部分发的论文写作方法，从中我们不但可以学到如何有效的写作论文，而且可以学到一个科研小组是如何协作完成论文的写作。Whitesides Group: Writing a PaperGeorge M. WhitesidesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA1.What is a scientific paper? A p
5、aper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.” 科技论文是集假说、数
6、据和结论为一体的概括性描述 Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.”研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，得出结论，不是简单的数据收集。 A paper is not just an archival device for storing a comp
7、leted research program, it is also a structure for planning your research in progress. If you clearly understand the purpose and form of a paper, it can be immensely useful to you in organizing and conducting your research. A good outline for the paper is also a good plan for the research program. Y
8、ou should write and rewrite these plans/outlines throughout the course of the research. At the beginning, you will have mostly plan; at the end, mostly outline. The continuous effort to understand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypotheses on paper will be immensely more efficient for you than
9、a process in which you collect data and only start to organize them when their collection is“complete.” 论文并不仅是收集研究结果，也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划，在研究的过程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时，应有完善的计划；工作结束时，应充分的总结。2.Outlines2.1 The reason for outlines. I emphasize the central place of an outline in writing pape
10、rs, preparing seminars, and planning research. I especially believe that for you, and for me, it is most efficient to write papers from outlines. An outline is a written plan of the organization of a paper, including the data on which it rests. You should, in fact, think of an outline as a carefully
11、 organized and presented set of data, with attendant objectives, hypotheses and conclusions, rather than an outline of text. 按照提纲进行写作是最有效的方法提纲是一篇论文的行文计划，应该包括论文所依靠的数据。提纲不仅仅是列出各段的内容， 而是按照目的， 假说， 结论来精心组织数据。An outline itself contains little text. If you and I can agree on the details of the outline (tha
12、t is, on the data and organization), the supporting text can be assembled fairly easily. If we do not agree on the outline, any text is useless. Much of the time in writing a paper goes into the text; most of the thought goes into the organization of the data and into the analysis. It can be relativ
13、ely efficient to go through several (even many) cycles of an outline before beginning to write text; writing many versions of the full text of a paper is slow.在我们就提纲达成一致以前，写正文是没有意义的在动笔前，详细讨论几遍写作提纲会提高写作效率；写很多遍正文反倒很慢All the writing that I do - papers, reports, proposals (and, of course, slides for sem
14、inars)- I do from outlines. I urge you to learn how to use them as well.2.2 How should you construct an outline? The classical approach is to start with a blank piece of paper, and write down, in any order, all important ideas that occur to you concerning the paper. Ask yourself the obvious question
15、s:“Why did I do this work?” “What does it mean?”“What hypothesis did I mean to test?”“What ones did I actually test?”“What were the results?”“Did the work yield a new method or compound? What?”“What measurements did I make?”“What compounds? How were they characterized?” Sketch possible equations, fi
16、gures, and schemes. It is essential to try to get the major ideas written down. If you start the research to test one hypothesis, and decide, when you see what you have, that the data really seem to test some other hypothesis better, dont worry. Write them both down, and pick the best combinations of hypotheses, objectives and data. Often the objectives of a paper when it is finished are different fr
