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1、2022年考博英语-南昌大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题_ conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.问题1选项A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.Contrary【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。continuous “连续的，持续的”，中间没有间断；continual “持续不断的；频繁的”，中间可能有间断；constant “不变的；恒定的；经常的”；contrary “相反的，对立的”。句意：城邦之间持续不断的冲突最终导
2、致了希腊文明的衰落。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题You cannot ignorance as your excuse; you should have known what was happening all along.问题1选项A.refer toB.defendC.pleadD.persist in【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。refer to “参考，涉及”；defend “辩护；防护”；plead “借口”；persist in “坚持；固执于”。句意：你不能拿无知当借口；你本就应该知道发生了什么事情。3. 单选题Bill Gates is not the only Amer
3、ican entrepreneur with business plan to save the world. D.There are thousands. Consider Steve Kirsch, who had just turned 35 when he had eveiything everything he could want. Adobe, the software giant, had just purchased one of his startups, Eframe., The sale made Kirsch very rich, with a share in a
4、private jet, an estate in Californias Los Altos Hills and a burning question: what to do with the rest of a $50 million fortune? After a few years of doling out money to traditional charitieshis alma mater, the United WayKirsch got ambitious. He set up his own foundation to benefit “everyone”, fundi
5、ng research on everything from cancer to near-earth objects. “It is guaranteed that we will be hit by an asteroid sometime in the future,，” perhaps “before we end this phone conversation.” Kirsch explains. “It would cost several billion lives, and we can save those lives for $50 million, which is le
6、ss than the cost of a private jet. I call it enlightened self-interest.”American philanthropy isnt what it used to be. Gone are the days when old money was doled out by bureaucrats from mahogany -paneled rooms. More people are giving out more money than ever before, at much younger ages, and to a mu
7、ch wider variety of causes. In 1980s, Ronald Reagans call for private charity to replace government largesse was greeted with hoots of liberal derision and an outbreak of giving. The number of private foundations rose from 22, 000 in 1980 to 55,000 today. They now dole out about $23.3 billion a year
8、, a 700 percent increase since 1980. And many are the offspring of capitalists, who bring the language of business to charity. Vanessa Kirsch, president and founder of the entrepreneurial charity New Profit Inc., says, “Theres this new breed of social entrepreneurs coming out of Harvard Business Sch
9、ool or failed dot-coms, and theyre saying, I want to make big things happen.”Their outlook is increasingly global, in the Gates mold. D.The share of funding that the 1,000 largest foundations devote to interactional causes jumped from 11.3 percent in 1999 to 16.3 percent in 2000. And while the U. S,
10、 government is often criticized for stingy foreign aid (well under 1 percent of GNP each year), the same cant be said of private donors, who now give away 2.1 percent of U. S. GNP each year. “No nation comes even remotely close to the U. S. on these things,” says Scott Walker of the Philanthropy Rou
11、ndtable. “If youre in Sweden or France, its something the government is supposed to do. If you were in England, it is the nobility. Americans dont think its enough to say, I gave at the office with taxes.”To be sure, business and philanthropy are old bedfellows in the United States. The Rockefellers
12、, the Carnegies and the Fords set the mold. D.But many were what Mark Dowie, author of “American Foundations: An Investigative History,，” calls “s. o. b. B.s” patrons of “symphonies, operas, ballets,” and “museums and hospitals where rich people go to die.” The new foundations are more like “quasi-p
13、ublic trusts progressive institutions of change,” argues Dowie.The new movers and shakers of American charity are more likely to be flashy TV titans like Ted Turner. The story of how Turner gave away a billion is a founding legend of this class. In a cab on his way to make a speech at the United Nat
14、ions, the cable titan, sick of official U. S. reluctance to pay U.N. dues, decided to pony up I$1 billion himself. This shamed Washington and inspired imitators. “It is a lot more personality-oriented in this culture of new wealth.,” says Ellen Dadisman, vice president of the Council on Foundations.
15、 “Its sort of like wealth meets People magazine.”In Silicon Valley, the new fashion is called “venture philanthropy”, According to one survey,83 percent of valley households give to charity, compared with 69 percent nationally. But they prefer to “invest”, not “give”. And to attract “investors”, fun
16、d-raisers promise hands-on management of the nonprofits they support. They demand seats on the board, set performance goals and plan an exit strategy in case expectations arent met. “Traditionally, foundations have not been as invasive,” says Dadisman. “They didnt go to the nonprofit and say, How much are you paying for rent? Why are you using these old-fa
