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1、GrammarUnit1. 不定代词（Indefinite Pronouns） 不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。常见不定代词如下所示：some 一些somebody 某人 someone 某人 something 某事；某物any 一些；任何anybody任何人 anyone 任何人 anything 任何事物no 没有，无nobody 没有人 no one 没有人 nothing 没什么every 每个everybody 每人；人人everyone 每人 everything 每件事物；一切all 全体；全部 each 每个（两者或以上）none 没人或物（指两个以上）ne
2、ither 两者都不（谓单） either 两者中的任何一个（谓单）both 两者都（谓复）other(s)另一个（些） another另外一个；以一个 much 很多few 很少a few 一些；几个 little 很少 a little 一些 one 一个（人或物）不定代词的用法中有几点需要注意上：1. some 和any既可修饰可数名词复数，也可修饰不可数名词。some多用于肯定句，any则多用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。例如：A: Are there any apples in the fridge? B: Yes, there are some. / No, there arent
3、any.A: Is there any water in the bottle? B: Yes, there is some water./ No, there isnt any water.但在Would you like some tea?这类问句中则用some，而不用any,这是因为问话者希望得到对方肯定的答复。2. many, much, a lot of 均表示“很多”。但many 只修饰可数名词复数，much只修饰不可数名词，而a lot of既可接可数名词复数，又可与不可数名词连用。3. few 与 a few是一对反义词，修饰可数名词复数；little与a little 也是一
4、对反义词，修饰不可数名词。few 和little的意思是“很少；几乎没有”，侧重“否定”的含义；a few和a little 的意思是“有一些”，侧重“肯定”的含义。例如：Dont worry. There is a little time to go. We took quite a few photos there.Few people know what happened. There is now little hope of success.4. 由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词作主语时，都作单数看待，其谓语动词用单数第三人称形式。例如：Something
5、 is wrong with my watch. Well, everyone wants to win.Nobody knows what the future will be like.There is something for everyone at Greenwood Park.5. 除no one以外，其他复合不定代词都写成一个词。6. 不定代词若有定语修饰，该定语要置于其后。例如：Did anyone see something good at the cinema?For lunch, we had something very special Malaysian yellow
6、 noodles.Do you have anything to say?Unit2.频度副词（Adverbs of Frequency）1. 定义：频度副词是表示动作或状态出现的频率的副词，常用以回答how often的提问。2. 常见的频度副词：always (100%) almost always usuallyoftensometimeshardly ever(seldom)never(0%)always总是，一直，始终100%almost always 几乎总是95%usually通常，经常90%often常常，经常70%sometimes有时，不时40%hardly ever(se
7、ldom) 几乎从不，几乎不曾，难得（很少）5%never从不，绝不0%3. 位置：频度副词通常位于实意动词之前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。Sometimes有时可位于句首或句末。例如：Its always interesting to watch other people show their talents.Tom doesnt usually eat breakfast at school.They hardly ever watch TV.Fewer people will do such jobs in the future because they are boring, b
8、ut robots willnever get bored.He sometimes gets up at 6:00. = Sometimes he gets up at 6:00.4. 表示频率的短语：once/ twice a week 一周一次/两次， three times a day 一天三次，every hour/ day/ week/ year 每小时/每天/每周/每年提示：三次或三次以上一般用“基数词+times”来表示。5. 当对频度副词及事件发生频率的短语提问时，常用How often, 意为“多久一次”。例如： A: How often does Lisa go to t
9、he movies? B: Never.6. 频率副词或短语通常与一般现在时连用，有时也与一般过去时连用。例如：I hardly ever stay up late. He always went to work by bus last year.Unit3.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级（Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjective and Adverbs）1. 概念：大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：a.原级，即原形。b.比较级，表示“较”或“更一些”。c. 最高级，表示“最”。两者比较用比较级，三者或三者以上用最高级。比较的对象必须属于同一性质或
10、范畴的人或物。2. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成1）规则变化构成方法原级比较级最高级部分双音节词单音节词和一般在词尾加-er或-esthightallshortslowhighertallershorterslowerhighesttallestshortestslowest以字母e结尾的词，在词尾加-r或-stfinelatefinerlaterfinestlatest重读闭节词词尾只有一个辅音字母时，先双写该辅间字母，再加-er或-estbigthinfatbiggerthinnerfatterbiggestthinnestfattest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先把”y”改
11、为”i”,再加-er或-esteasyfunnyearlyeasierfunnierearliereasiestfunniestearliest部分双音节词多音节词和在词前加more或mostbeautifulinterestingcomfortablecomfortablymore beautifulmore interestingmore comfortablemore comfortablymost beautifulmost interestingmost comfortablemost comfortably注：音节：一般情况，一个单词有几个发音的元音字母就有几个音节。闭音节：以一个
12、或几个辅音字母结尾，而中间只有一个元音字母的音节。若该音节处在重读音节上，称为重读闭音节。2）不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/badlyworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfartherf:(r) farthestf:stfurtherf:(r)furthestf:stoldolderldroldestldsteldereld(r)eldesteldst3. 用法一、原级的用法(1)“甲+be+(倍数)+as+形容词或副词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的几倍”例如，Tom is as
13、 old as Kate.汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。Tom is twice as old as Kate.汤姆的年龄是凯特的二倍。(2)“甲+be+not+as/so+形容词或副词原级+as+乙”甲不如乙例如，This room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。二、比较级的用法(1)“甲+be+形容词或副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙更”“甲+be+倍数+形容词或副词比较级+than+乙”表示 “甲比乙几倍”“甲+数词+名词+形容词或副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙大几岁或高多少”例如，Tom is taller than Kate.汤
14、姆比凯特高。This room is three times bigger than that one.这个房间比那个大三倍。He is two years older than me. 他比我大两岁。(2)比较级前用much，a lot，far，得多a little，a bit，一点儿even甚至，still仍然等词修饰，加强语气。Her hair is much longer than mine.她的头发比我长得多。(3)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。例如，He is getting taller and taller.他变得越来越高了。The flowers are more and more beautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。He does his homework more and more carefully.他做作业越来越认真了。(4)“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越，越”。例如，The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes youll make.你越认真，犯的错误越少。(5)“甲+be +the+形容词比较级+of the tw
