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1、古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日耳曼语族的特点。这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法，复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。据统计，在史诗贝奥武夫（Beowulf）3183行的诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。有些复合词中不重读的部分，渐渐失去独立地位，而演变为词缀，如 for-，in-，-ful等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用，共有24个名词后缀、15个形容词后缀，-dom，-hood，-ship，-ness，- the，-ful，-ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。古英语时期诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵（alliteration），由此产生的许多短语一直保留至今，如 might and main（全力地
2、），friend and foe（敌友），a labour of love（出自喜爱而做的事）。 古英语时期有两个重要历史事件，给英语词汇带来较大影响。第一件事是基督教传入英语。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁（Augustine）的牧师从罗马来到英国传教。罗马文化随着基督教传入了英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词进入英语。 第二件事是北欧人入侵英国。从公元790年开始，大批斯堪的纳维人在英国定居，丹麦国王卡纽特（Knut）还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的纳维亚人和英国人交往频繁，所以有许多斯堪的纳维亚各国词语进入英语The Norman Conquest of English(1066)1Reasons
3、for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death. It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed h
4、im. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England2The Norman Conquest and its consequencesThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his N
5、orman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were intr
6、oduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.3The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-
7、French origin.INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES The Indo-European of languages is the worlds largest, embracing most of the languages of Europe, America, and much of Asia. It includes the two great classical Germanic languages such as English, German, Dutch, and Swedish; the Romance languages such as Italian,
8、 French, Spanish, and Portuguese; the Celtic languages such as Welsh and Gaelic; the Slavic languages such as Russian, languages, Lithuanian and Latvian; the Iranian languages such as Sanskrit and Hindi; and other miscellaneous languages such as Albanian and Armenian. In Europe only Basque, Finnish,
9、 Estonian, Hungarian, Turkish, and a few languages of Russia are not of this family; the others have apparently all descended from an original parent tongue.印欧语系是世界上最大的语系，它包括了欧洲、美洲的大部分语言和亚洲的许多语言。它包括两大最古典的语言，拉丁语和希腊语；日耳曼语族诸如英语、德语、荷兰语和瑞典语；罗曼语族如意大利语、法语、西班牙语和葡萄牙语；凯尔特语族如威尔士语和盖尔语；斯拉夫语族如俄语、波兰语、捷克语和塞尔维亚一克罗地亚
10、语；波罗的海语族如立陶宛语和拉脱维亚语；伊朗语族如波斯语和普什图语；印度语族如梵语和印地语；另外还有其它各种语族如阿尔巴尼亚语和亚美尼亚语。在欧洲只有巴斯克语、芬兰语、爱沙尼亚语、匈牙利语、土耳其语和俄罗斯的几种语言不属于印欧语系，其它语言显然由一种母语派生而来。 Indo-European Family TreeThe Indo-European language which is the earliest known ancestor of modern English is also the ancestor of most modern Western languages. Read
11、about how Indo-European was discovered and look at the family tree below which shows those connections. At least fourteen other families of languages have been discovered in addition to Indo-European.Indo-European Germanic Celtic Italic Hellenic Balto-Slavonic Indo-Iranian Low GermanOld NorseAnglo-S
12、axon Latin Classical Greek Old EnglishFrisianFlemishDutchGerman IcelandicNorwegianSwedishDanish Breton Manx Scots Gaelic Irish Gaelic Welsh Romanian FrenchPortuguese Spanish Italian Modern Greek Lithuanian Russian Serbo-Croat Polish Czech Hindi Punjabi Bengali Romany Sanskrit From the family tree yo
13、u can see that a surprising number of modern languages are related by way of a common ancestor.This does not mean that they can be understood by each other - in fact one major test of a language is that languages should be mutually unintelligible - but they will have some words in common, remaining
14、from their common heritage. The word salmon is a brief case study.You will see that modern English does not appear in the table above. This is because modern English, uniquely amongst Indo-European languages in the last thousand years, is a blend of French and Old English (with elements of Latin and Scandinavian) making it both Italic (or Romance) and Germanic. It is this blend which gives us such a large vocabulary and a flexibility to adapt to circumstances. The mongrel language continues to adapt while other languages try to keep out foreign influences.LinksOrigins
