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1、Degenerative Disc Disease in Dogs狗锥间盘突出Degenerative Disc Disease in DogsPet IWhat is a disc, and what is its purpose?椎间盘及其功能The spinal cord脊髓 is one of the most important and sensitive organ systems in the body. If it is damaged, the nerve cells do not regenerate but are replaced with fibrous or sca
2、r tissue. Spinal cord injuries usually result in permanent, irreversible damage. To protect it from damage, the spinal cord runs through a bony canal within the spine and is surrounded by protective bone everywhere except the junction of the vertebrae. These junctions are filled by rubber-like cushi
3、ons called intervertebral discs.椎间盘 The individual vertebrae and intervertebral discs allow the back to move up and down and sideways without allowing contact between the bones of the spinal column. 脊柱This extreme protection of the spinal cord reflects its importance and fragility.脊髓是动物体内最重要、最敏感的器官系
4、统之一，一旦损坏，脑神经细胞将不能修复再生，从而变为纤维和疤痕组织。脊髓损伤通常是永久不可逆的。为保护脊髓免受损伤，脊髓在椎管内向后延伸（由所有的椎骨按前后顺序连接一起形成的一个连续的管道），通过椎间孔进出椎管。椎骨通过类似橡胶垫的具有弹性的椎间盘来连接。通过这种结构，单个椎骨和椎间盘让背上下左右活动而避免了椎骨之间接触。这种保护脊髓的方式使得脆弱的椎间盘具有重要的作用。What does it mean for a disc to rupture, and how does it happen?椎间盘突出及其发生The disc is composed of two parts. 椎间盘是由
5、两部分组成。The disc is composed of two parts. The outer covering (fibrous ring) is much like a thick shell. It is comprised of tough fibers that protect and contain the central part (pulpy nucleus). The disc is thinnest at the top. This thin area is located just below the spinal cord脊髓. The central part
6、of the disc is much softer than the outer part and has the consistency of thick toothpaste. 椎间盘是由两部分构成。外层(纤维环)是一个厚的壳，它是由坚硬的纤维构成，保护并包含中央部分髓核 。髓核部分最薄，位于脊髓正下方，比外层柔软并富有弹性。Degenerative disc disease causes spontaneous degeneration of the outer part of the disc, resulting in sudden disc rupture or herniati
7、on (also called a slipped disc). It may not be related to injury, although the rupture frequently occurs after some sort of traumatic event, such as a fall or a relatively small jump. Although this act is frequently blamed for the disc rupture, the injury actually occurred due to chronic disc degene
8、ration. Most dogs with degenerative disc disease are middle-aged, from three to seven years old. There is likely a genetic predisposition to this disease. Certain breeds, especially the Dachshund, Poodle, Pekinese, Lhasa Apso, German shepherd, Doberman and Cocker Spaniel have a high incidence of int
9、ervertebral disc disease. 椎间盘变性性疾病导致自发退变的椎间盘，导致突然椎间盘破裂或突出症 (也称为椎间盘突出) 。它可能与受伤无关，虽然在某种外部创伤后，如跌倒或小幅度跳跃后会经常发生。这经常被认为是椎间盘破裂，实际上损伤的发生是由于慢性椎间盘退变。大多数狗发生椎间盘退行性疾病在中年（三至七岁）。可能是这种疾病的遗传易感性，有些品种，尤其是腊肠犬、 贵宾犬、 狮子狗、 拉萨犬、 德国牧羊犬、 杜宾犬和可卡犬发病率高。Because the spinal cord is encased within its bony canal, it cannot move awa
10、y from the pressure and it becomes pinched.因为脊髓固定在椎管内，不可避免的受到脱出的椎间盘的挤压When the outer shell degenerates, it allows the central part of the disc to escape. Since the disc is thinnest near the spinal cord, disc material that escapes through the tear usually goes upward, putting pressure on the spinal c
11、ord. Because the spinal cord is encased within its bony canal, it cannot move away from the pressure and it becomes pinched.当纤维环变性后，中央的髓核从裂缝脱出。髓核柔软富有弹性，可凸入脊髓并产生压迫，因为脊髓固定在椎管内，不能避开破损的椎间盘，从而受到“挤压”。How does a slipped disc affect the spinal cord?突出的椎间盘如何影响脊髓？The spinal cord is like a telephone cable carr
12、ying thousands of tiny wires. When it is crushed, transmission of information through the wires is slowed or stopped. When the disc degenerates and ruptures, it crushes the spinal cord and the nerves that leave the spinal cord over the discs (i.e. spinal nerves). Pressure on the spinal nerves result
13、s in pain. Pressure on the spinal cord results in pain and/or loss of information transmission, causing partial or complete paralysis. 脊髓是像电话线包裹许多微细的光缆。当它被挤压损伤时，信号通过神经传递的速度会减慢甚至停止。当椎间盘脱出，会挤压进出脊髓的神经 (即脊神经)。脊髓神经受压力导致疼痛。压迫脊髓导致疼痛或信号损失，导致局部或全身瘫痪。Most disc ruptures occur in the middle to lower part of the
14、 back. However, they may also occur in the neck. Back injuries often cause paralysis without severe pain while neck injuries usually cause severe pain without paralysis. If paralysis affects all four legs, the disc rupture must be in the neck. Due to the way nerve tracts are arranged in the spinal c
15、ord, disc ruptures in the neck may affect the rear legs first and may not involve the front limbs. 大多数的椎间盘破裂发生在背的中后部，但是也可能发生在颈部。背部椎间盘损伤经常导致瘫痪不会伴剧烈疼痛，颈部损伤通常会剧烈疼痛但不会瘫痪。如果瘫痪后四肢都受到影响，椎间盘损伤必然发生在颈部。由于神经在脊髓上的走行，颈部椎间盘破裂可能首先影响后肢不影响前肢。（这一段翻译的可能有大问题）How fast do intervertebral discs degenerate and rupture?椎间盘发生
16、退行性变和突出需要多久？Disc degeneration occurs relatively slowly, and a rupture may occur slowly and gradually, so that degenerated disc material slowly escapes from the disc over several days or weeks. In these cases, the dog often experiences pain and is reluctant to move. It may lie around for a few days allowing the body to try to heal the injury, often without the owner being aware that a problem existed. 椎间盘退变发生相对较慢，破裂逐渐出现，以致在几天或几周时间内退变的髓
