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1、一、Term Definition:Language: is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Phonetics: the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.Semantics: the study of meaningPragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to ef
2、fect successful communication.Syntax: in linguistics, what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary world.Morphology: the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of studySynonym: words that are clo
3、se in meaning are called synonyms.Reference: what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.Sense: concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all i
4、ts features; it is abstract and de-contextualized.Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.Dialect: a variety of a language, spoken in one part of a country (regional dialect), or by people belonging to a particular social class (social dialect or sociol
5、ect), which is different in some words, grammar, and/or pronunciation from other forms of the same language.Accent: a particular way of speaking which tells the listener something about the speakers background.Conversational maxim: an unwritten rule about conversation which people know and which inf
6、luences the form of conversational exchanges.Context: it is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.Competence: the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.R
7、egister: the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.Locutionary act: the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning. It is the act performed in saying something.Hyponymy: refers to the sense relation between a more gene
8、ral, more inclusive word and a more specific word.Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Speech community: the social group that is singled out for any special study.Transcription: the use
9、of symbols to show sounds or sound sequences in written form.Bound morpheme: a morpheme that must be attached to another one is called bound morpheme.Minimal Pair: when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings, the t
10、wo sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.Stress: the pronunciation of a word or syllable with more force than the surrounding words or syllables.Compounding: a word formation process in which words are formed by putting two or more words together.Affixation: is the process of forming wo
11、rds by adding derivational affixes to stems.Allophone: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.Complementary Distribution: Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. Conversion: refers to the derivational process whe
12、reby an item comes to belong to a new word class without the addition of suffix.Deep Structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads subcategorization propertiesSurface Structure: corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations.S
13、aussure: the distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the 20 century.Vowel: The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. Consonant:
14、 The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants.Linguistics: the scientific study of language.General Linguistics: the study of language as a whole.Inflectional Affix: The manifestation of grammatical relationshi
15、ps through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case.Derivational Affix: The manifestation of relation between stems and affixes through the addition of derivational affixes. Open Class: in English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs which are the content words o
16、f a language, which are sometimes called open class words.Closed Class: conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, which are in small number and stable since few new words are added, therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words.Sociolinguistics: the study of all the social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch.Speech Variety: refers to any d
