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1、2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题The initial fund of general scientific knowledge is an invaluable asset, but the young research worker should have no illusion about how little it is compared with what he or she should acquire during succeeding years. As to the precise value of this initial fun
2、d of knowledge, this depends to a great degree on how it has been acquired and on who has been imparting it. (1) Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete, certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply.The original papers of great
3、 scientists describing their discoveries and explaining their theories are never as rigid and self -confident as the resumes of these discoveries and theories in textbooks by other men often suggest. Young scientists consulting these original works will find in them it appears that”,“it probably mea
4、ns, “it seems likely that”n, more than once, as expressions of elements of doubt which great men felt and honestly put on record. (2) Many statements which have appeared in textbooks as universal and absolute truths have, in their original form, been put forward as only approximately true, or true o
5、nly in certain circumstances.Immediately upon starting on the first serious piece of research, a young scientist must therefore do two things. (3) The first of these should be a careful reading of original papers or books relating to the problem, written by investigators whose technique and judgment
6、 he can trust. While reading these publications in a most attentive and receptive manner, the young scientist must not fall into the error of placing in them a greater confidence than their author would wish him to do. (4) No great scientist ever wants his pupils to be mere tape recorders, faithfull
7、y recording his remarks, never questioning anything. Never wanting to add to or subtract from what he has given them. The second thing a young scientist must do, almost but not quite simultaneously with the first, is to proceed with observations and experiments. (5) The initial observations and expe
8、riments will be failures, but they will help the development of appropriate experimental technique, and they will give a greater understanding of the literature the young scientist is studying.【答案】1.年轻的科学家们要尽快意识到现在的科学知识不像许多教科书所暗示的那样全面、肯定以及不可改变。2.教科书很多普遍且绝对的真理最初只是作为接近真理或者某种特定情况下的真理而提出来的。3.第一件事是认真阅读由那
9、些技术和评价都值得信任的调查者写下的关于这个问题的原始论文或者书籍。4.没有哪位伟大的科学家希望他的学生仅仅像录音机似的原原本本地记录下他的话语，从来不问问题，从不想对他教授的内容进行增添或削减。5.最开始的观察和实验会失败，但它们有助于开发合适的实验技术，并且它们有助于年轻科学家更好地理解他们正在研究的文献。 2. 单选题Many old houses have been（ ） in order that new big buildings may be built.问题1选项A.leveledB.collapsedC.demolishedD.felled【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。
10、level “使同等；对准；弄平”；collapse “倒塌；瓦解”，一般做不及物动词，无被动形式；demolish “拆除；破坏”；fell “砍伐；打倒；击倒”。句意：为了修建新的建筑，很多老房子被拆除了。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors habits among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when c
11、ustomers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits,” said D
12、r. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to-Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever had invested hu
13、ndreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, youll find that many of the products we use every day chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health s
14、nacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitaminsare results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing
15、 scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didnt drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off spring, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, onc
16、e bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns.” said Carol Beming, a consumer psychologist who recently retired
