《2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考前模拟强化练习题78（附答案详解）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考前模拟强化练习题78（附答案详解）（31页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to
2、24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheal it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that th
3、e immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree, Jay Weiss, a psy
4、chologist at Duke University School of Medicine has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli dont develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave
5、passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is One of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most starting examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered b
6、y chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned（便形成条件反射）mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweeter and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the sac
7、charin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener duri
8、ng their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.1.Laudenslagers experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who turn off the electricity（ ）.2. Ac
9、cording to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to（ ）.3.The reason why the mice in Acers experiment avoided saccharin was that（ ）.4.The passage tells us that the most probably reason for the death of the mice in Aders experiment was that（ ）.5.It can be concluded from the passage t
10、hat the immune systems of animals（ ）.问题1选项A.was strengthenedB.was not affectedC.was alteredD.was weakened问题2选项A.try to control unpleasant stimuliB.turn off the electricityC.behave passively in controllable situationsD.become abnormally suspicious问题3选项A.they disliked its tasteB.it led stomach painsC.
11、it affected their immune systemsD.they associated it with stomachaches问题4选项A.they had been weakened psychologically by saccharinB.the sweetened was poison to themC.their immune systems had been altered by the mindD.they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning问题5选项A.can be weakened b
12、y conditioningB.can be suppressed by drug injectionsC.can be affected by frequent doses of saccharinD.can be altered by electric shocks【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that co
13、uld turn off the electricity.（Laudenslager发现，无助的老鼠的免疫反应低于正常水平，而那些能关掉电源的老鼠去没有受到影响）可知选B。2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control.（但是，如果这些动物遇到了它们无法控制的情况，那么当它们面对他们能够控制的经验时，它们会表现出被
14、动的行为）可知选C。3.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener.（把糖精和胃痛联系起来，老鼠很快就学会了避免吃甜味剂）可知选D。4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的第一句One of the most starting examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance.（人们偶然发现了大脑如何改变免疫反应的
15、最开始的例子之一）和最后一句He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.（他只能推测，他已经成功地对老鼠进行了调节，现在单用糖精就足以削弱它们的免疫系统，足以杀死它们）可推测Aders的实验中老鼠死亡的最可能原因是大脑改变了它们的免疫系统，因此选C5.主旨大意题。文章第一段中提出了本文的主题stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals（压力似乎会影响低等动物的免疫防御能力），然后举例证明其观点。第一段中Laudenslager的实验证明：对事物缺乏控制力造成了免疫系统的弱化，而不是由实验本身造成的；第二段中Jay Weiss认为：被允许控制不愉快刺激的动物不会产生睡眠障碍或典型的应激大鼠的大脑化学变化；最后一段中Aders的实验表明：他已经成功地对老鼠进行了调节，现在单用糖精就足以削弱它们的免疫系统。这些实验是在一些特定条件下进行的，因此可推断动物的免疫系统能被条件反射所削弱，因此选A。2. 翻译题Population growth often
