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1、A Study on Application and Social Influence of Euphemism in English一、 课题(论文)提纲0.引言1.委婉语的表达方法1.1.转喻1.2.隐喻1.3.类比1.4.拟人化1.5.绕语2.委婉语的运用2.1避讳2.2出于礼貌3.委婉语的社会影响4.结束语 二、内容摘要语言交际是人类以维系社会关系的重要手段，因而人们在交际中通常避免使用引起双方不快从而损害双方关系的语言，而是采取迂回曲折的方法来表达思想，交流信息，它不仅是种语言现象，而且是社会现象和文化现象。委婉语言体现了相应的社会文化传统。本文主要阐述了英语委婉语的构成方法以及它的
2、社会影响，并着重从修辞手法，对委婉语言作了较全面的分析，并对委婉语在交际中的语用功能和表达方式做了一些探讨，从委婉语的“避讳”，“出于礼貌”两个方面探讨了委婉语在社会生活中的运用，了解委婉语在运用中的积极作用和消极作用, 有助于我们更深入的了解英语国家人们的思维方式、社会价值观、道德观以及文化风俗，对于提高自身言语交际功能是十分必要的。三、 参考文献1薛永.英语委婉语的特征、构成及种类J. 徐州教育学院学报, 2003年2马漪云.浅谈英语中的委婉语及其运用J.山西农业大学学报, 2005年3冯翠华.英语修辞大全M. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1995年4向仍东.浅析英语委婉语的特征、构成及
3、作用J.长沙大学学报,2005年5郑晓晖.从委婉语的构造看其语义特征J.荆州职业技术学报,2004年6刘驰. 英语委婉语的形成与交际功能J. 青海师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）2003年 A Study on Application and Social Influence of Euphemism in English Abstract: Language communication is an important method to maintain social relationship, so people often use the indirect or pleasant expr
4、essions in the place of those considered unpleasant, rude or offensive in communication. It is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a kind of social phenomenon and cultural phenomenon. It reflects some kinds of corresponding cultural traditions. This paper mainly focuses on the ways of express
5、ion, and the social influence of euphemism in English. And the first part elaborates upon the different expressions of euphemism in English, divided into two parts: figure of speech, semantic method. And then it makes study the appliance of euphemism on two functions: avoidance, courtesy. Then discu
6、sses the positive and negative influences of euphemism. To know these could help us to understand the mode of thinking, social values, moral concepts, and cultural traditions in English-speaking country, and could improve our language communicative ability. Key words: Euphemism ；application；social i
7、nfluence；positive；negative Introduction Euphemism is originally from Greek, meaning, “speak with gook words”. “eu” means “well or sounding well”; “pheme” means “speech”. Its definition in Oxford English Dictionary is “(example of the) use of pleasant, mild, or indirect words or phrases in place of m
8、ore accurate or direct ones.” The appearance of euphemism is based on two reasons: one aims to take the place of “taboo”. When taboo giving up a taboo word, people will find another new one to take the place of it, which creates a euphemism. The other aims to avoid offensiveness during the communica
9、tion. It is a figure of rhetoric by which an unpleasant or offensive thing is described or referred to by a milder term. In English language, euphemism is widely used in the daily communications. In order to achieve the aim of “taboo”, it is used to avoid the unpleasant thing; in order to achieve th
10、e aim of “politeness”, it is used to avoid the inelegant things, which are the two social psychological basis of the emergence of euphemism. Euphemism is one of the important parts of figure of speech. It is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a kind of social phenomenon and cultural phenomen
11、on. Euphemism in use differs from person to person, from profession to profession, even from class to class , Thats why sometimes the meaning of some euphemisms will puzzle you if you do not know the background of English culture. To grasp the English euphemism can not only help us open our eyes, bu
12、t strengthen our ability of reading comprehension. This paper aims to discuss the application of euphemism in English and to make acknowledge of its social influence, which could help us use euphemism in a correct way.1. Ways of expressing euphemism1.1. Metonymy.That is to use the general words to t
13、ake the place of the concrete words. “Passed away” which refers to “dead” belongs to metonymy. It can be divided into the following forms: 1) to use the container to take the place of the things in the container. For example: “to be fond of the bottle” is a euphemism for “liking to drink”. 2) To use
14、 the entirety instead of the part. For example: “abdomen” is used to refer to “belly”; “limb” refers to “leg”. For some special occasions, the part can be used instead of the entirety. In Australian English “an old hand” is a euphemism for “an old prisoner”. 3) To use raw materials to take the place
15、 of finished products. For instance, “poppy” is a kind of flower, but it also refers to “opium”. 4) To use characteristics to take the place of objects. For example, “hello” is a greeting word, and it is also a euphemism for “prostitute” because prostitutes often use this word to solicit the whorema
16、sters; “blood and iron” is a euphemism for “violence”. Sometimes, some euphemisms are frequently used instead of the original words; people gradually forget their euphemistic identities. They are not used in terms of euphemisms but have their own independent meanings. For example “poppy”, now if you look up this word in the dictionary, you can find the meaning of
