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2、VA History of Native Art in Canada and North America 一个在加拿大 和北美本土艺术史The story of the developme nt of n ative art in North Ame rica is complex and must r ely a gr eat deal on ar chaeological and eth nogr aphical evide nee.作者在北美本土艺术的发展故事是复杂的， 必须依靠考古和民族学的证据很大。The hist ory of n ative art in Can ada bega
3、 n sometime du ring the last ice age although the earliest surviving artifacts.在加拿大本土艺术史的某个时候开始, 在最后一个冰河时代，虽然最早的文物 dec or ative and depictive carvings from the Lowe r Fraser Valley in British Columbiaappear to date from only 5000 years ago.从装饰性和描述 性雕刻下在不列颠哥伦比亚省弗雷泽河谷.似乎只有日期由5000年以前。The developme nt o
4、f n ative art may be divided into three dist inct pe ri ods:对本地艺术的发展 可分为三个不同的时期：prehistoric art 史前艺术con tact or histo ric art接触或“历史性”的艺术con temp oray n ative art 本土的当代艺术Eth nogr aphe rs have show n that a corr ect interpr etatio n of the fun cti on and mea ning of Native artworks depe nds upon an un
5、der sta nding and app reciati on of the ways of life, aesthetic values and prin ciples of the peoples themselves.人类学家已经表明，一个函数的正确 解释和乡土艺术作品的意义时的理解和人生，审美价值和原则的人民自己的方式表示赞赏而定。Prehistoric Native Art 史前本土艺术Relative to the othe r pe ri ods, the re is little known about the pr ehist or ic per iod of n ativ
6、e art in North Ame rica.相对于其他时期，很少有了解的北美本土艺术的史前时期。The end of the prehistoric period varies from region to region across the continent.史前时期的结束因地区而 异整个非洲大陆。 For example in Can ada, the fir st con tact with the French expl orers in the Mar itimes and along the St. Law rence Rive r took place in the 16t
7、h century, but Eur opea ns did nt meet up with the Fi rst Natio ns people livi ng on the west coast un til late in the 18th cen tu ry.对于在加拿大的例子，在大西洋省份与法国探险家沿圣劳伦斯河第一次接触发生在16世纪的地 方，但不符合欧洲人与原住民生活在西海岸直到晚在人民行动18世纪。Climatic and geog raphic con diti ons dont allow for the sur vival of artworks made from pe
8、r ishable mate rials like wood, fibre or hide, so most pr ehisto ric art has bee n lost.气候和地 理条件不允许从材料如木头易腐艺术品生存，纤维或隐藏，所以大多数史前艺术已丢失。A majo r exceptio n has bee n r ock ar t.pa in ti ngs in red och re or carvings in cised upon natural r ock sur faces. 一个主要的例外是岩石艺术.画红色赭石或切开后，自然岩石表面雕刻。Yet the re have b
9、een some important discoveries.然而，有一些重要的发现。 A tiny antler figurine, probably 4000 yea rs, old gives evide nee of the beg innings of what would become histo ric nor thwest coast art and a 5000 yea r old pet roglyph site in nor thweste rn Ontar io speaks of the image ry that is used by co ntempo rary
10、ar tists.小小的鹿茸雕像，大概4000年，旧的起源提供了证据，什么 将成为西北海岸的艺术和历史5000年安大略省西北部的古老岩石雕刻的网站是由当代艺术家们用形象 说话。The discove ry and dati ng of pr ehist or ic artworks depe nds on pain stak ing excavatio n and car eful interpr etatio n. Totem poles were once thought to be the pr oduct of Eur opea n con tact, but its since be
11、en verifired that they have had a continuous on-site development dating back at least 2500 yea rs约会的发现和艺术品史前取决于挖掘和认真细致的解释。图腾柱一度被认为 是联系产品欧洲，但其被verifired他们曾连续在现场开发，至少可以追溯到2500年。Like con temp orary ar t, pr ehisto ric art has va ried not on ly in genre, style, fun ctio n, image ry and mea ning from r e
12、gi on to r egi on, but has undergone cha nges from pe riod to pe riod.像当 代艺术，史前艺术各不相同，不仅在体裁，风格，功能，形象和区域意义的地区，而且经历了从时间变 化的时期。Acr oss North Ame rica these cha nges accele rated around 1000BC whe n potte ry, agriculture and settled village life in the Eastern Woodlands made its impact.北美各地约 1000BC时，这些陶
13、器，农业和定居在东兀兰乡村生活作出了加速变化的影响。The re are seve ral excepti onal occ urren ces of pr ehist or ic art in Can ada.在加拿大有许多史前艺 术中的几个特殊事件。The Mar pole cult ure which existed from app roximately 500BC to 500 AD along the Fr ase r Rive r delta and the surrounding Gulf Isla nds pr oduced a ple ntiful var iety of
14、stone and bone carvings in the shape of ceremonial bowls, effigies and ute nsils that are dist inct forerunners of the style and iconography of historic west coast native art.从文化的马波尔约500BC 至500 沿菲沙河三角洲及周边海湾群岛广告对其存在制作的礼仪形状的石头雕刻丰富的品种和骨碗，肖像和器 具属于不同的风格和意象的先行者历史悠久的西部沿岸的土著艺术。In southe rn Ontar io the prec
15、on tact Iroq uoia n cult ure betwee n 900 - 1600 AD pr oduced highly tech ni cal and visually appeali ng potte ry that was dec or ated with repr ese ntati onal and geomet ric desig ns.在安大略省南部的pr eco ntact易洛魁文化之间900 -公元1600年生产的高度技 术性和视觉吸引力的陶器，与代表和几何图案装饰。The same cult ure pr oduced clay and sto ne eff
16、igy pipes of fascinating shape and iconographic variety.同样的文化生产粘土和各种迷人的形 状和肖像石头肖像管道。The bowls and stems were carved in high relief or incised with human and zoomo rphic images (liza rds, tur tles and bir ds) which are still powe rful an imals in the iconography of Great Lakes religious art碗和茎高浮雕或刻在人力
