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1、医学英文摘要写作How to write a medical English abstract第一章 概述一、摘要的定义、用途、和长度二、摘要的容三、摘要的类型四、摘要的写作格式五、摘要写作的注意事项What is an abstract?An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in a scientific paper. 摘要是作者研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要述和概括。Purposes for AbstractsAbstracts typically serve five main goals:H
2、elp readers decide if they should read an entire article Help readers and researchers remember key findings on a topic Help readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outline of key points Index articles for quick recovery and cross-referencing Allow supervisors to review technical work wi
3、thout becoming bogged down in details二、摘要的容Contents1. Title2. Name of the author3. Unit of the author/address4. Text of the abstract5. Keywords1）目的2）方法3）结果4）结果的分析、比较、评价以与应用，提出的问题以与建议5）其他三、摘要的类型1. descriptive abstract 描述性摘要2. informative abstract资料性摘要3. descriptive-informative abstract描述-资料性摘要1. Non-
4、structured abstract （非结构式摘要）2. Structured abstract （结构式摘要） full-structured semi-structured1.描述性摘要 Descriptive Abstract/ Indicative AbstractThe descriptive abstracts tell what topics are taken up in the paper. They contain indicativeinformation on purpose, scope, ormethodology in the original documen
5、ts, but mention little or nothing about details of results, conclusions or recommendations. The advantages of a descriptive abstract are that it is easy to write and is usually short; a serious disadvantage is that it contains little information. 一般只用两三句话概括论文或报道的主题，而不涉与具体的数据和结论，通常用于综述、会议报告等。Samples
6、of descriptive abstracts:例一： 心得宁引起的胸膜纤维化 我们报道两例患者服用心得宁后继发胸膜纤维化Pleural Fibrosis After Practolol TherapyWe describe two patients who developed pleural fibrosis after treatment with practolol.例二：论原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤本文综述了治疗原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤的主要经验，并就该病的临床、病理与治疗等问题进行了讨论。Primary Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal TractAn inst
7、itutional experience with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma (PGL) is reviewed. The clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of PGL are discussed.2.资料性（报道性）摘要 Informative AbstractsThe informative abstracts give the gist, or essence, of a piece of writing: they include the most significant materi
8、al in the original writing. It is the original document in miniature. Important information on purpose, scope and method of the research are included in this type of abstracts. They also contain key results, conclusions, or recommendations. The advantage of an informative abstracts is that it provid
9、es much more information than does a descriptive abstract. But it is usually longer than the descriptive type.概括论文的主要信息，一般阐明研究的问题和关键的研究成果， 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常，阅读这种摘要可以部分取代阅读全文。Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking The smoking habit of 48 patients with malignant hypertension was co
10、mpared with that of 92 consecutive patients with non- malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed, the difference were considered separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension i
11、s yet another disease related to cigarette smoking.Informative-Indicative Abstracts以报道性文摘的形式表述一次文献息价值较高的部分，而以指示性文摘的形式表述其余部分的文摘。字数 200词左右为宜Traditional Abstract 传统式摘要 IMRADIntroduction 引言 Materials and Methods 材料与方法 Results 结果Discussion 讨论全结构式摘要（Full-structured Abstract） 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大学医学中心的Dr
12、R Brian Haynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth创导下，美国科学记事（Annuals of Internal Medicine）在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。 1目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题2设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括的研究性质3地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级4对象（Patients, participants or subjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量与挑选方法5处理（Interventions）：说明确切的
13、治疗或处理方法6主要测定项目（Main outcome measures）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目7结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果8 结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义与非结构式摘要相比，。全结构式摘要观点更明确（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差错更少（fewer errors）.但其缺点也是显而易见的，即繁琐、重复、篇幅过长, 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式摘要（semi-structured）半结构式摘要(Semi-structur
14、ed Abstract)半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括：目的（objective/purpose/aim）、方法（methods）、结果（results）结论（conclusion）目前国许多杂志正从非结构式摘要向半结构式摘要过度。Does smoking predispose to peptic ulcer relapse after eradication of Helicobacter pylori?Chan F.k.l. Department of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital,.Objective: To investigate wheth
15、er smoking would increase ulcer recurrence afterMethods: A total of 287 patients with gastric ulcers Results: Of the 83 smokers,3 had ulcer recurrence,Conclusions: Cigarette smoking did not increase the recurrence of peptic ulcers after eradication of H. Pylori.About the tense 1）目的部分：背景介绍：一般现在时或现在完成时目的说明：一般现在时/现在完成时，或一般过去时2）材料、方法和结果部分：除指示性说明外，一律用一般过去时。过去完成时只用于说明研究前的情况或研究中某一点时间之前发生的情况.3）结论部分：凡述研究的材料、方法和结果时，一律用过去时；分析结果或发现的原因时，或者提出结论性意见时，如果作者认为具有普遍意义，可用现在时；如果作者认为自己的分析或结论只限于本研究围或者仅是一种可能性，则用一般过去时为好。Length of AbstractsKeep abstracts of most papers and portions of monographs
