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1、附录一 英文原文Anti-lock braking systemFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaAn anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to continue interacting tractively with the road surface as directed by driver steering inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from
2、 locking up (that is, ceasing rotation) and therefore avoiding skidding.An ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces for many drivers; however, on loose surfaces like gravel or snow-covered pavement, an ABS can significantly increase
3、braking distance, although still improving vehicle control.Since initial widespread use in production cars, anti-lock braking systems have evolved considerably. Recent versions not only prevent wheel lock under braking, but also electronically control the front-to-rear brake bias. This function, dep
4、ending on its specific capabilities and implementation, is known as electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD), traction control system, emergency brake assist, or electronic stability control (ESC).HistoryEarly systemsThe ABS was first developed for aircraft use in 1929 by the French automobile and a
5、ircraft pioneer, Gabriel Voisin, as threshold braking on airplanes is nearly impossible. An early system was Dunlops Maxaret system, which was introduced in the 1950s and is still in use on some aircraft models.These systems use a flywheel and valve attached to a hydraulic line that feeds the brake
6、cylinders. The flywheel is attached to a drum that runs at the same speed as the wheel. In normal braking, the drum and flywheel should spin at the same speed. However, if a wheel were to slow down, then the drum would do the same, leaving the flywheel spinning at a faster rate. This causes the valv
7、e to open, allowing a small amount of brake fluid to bypass the master cylinder into a local reservoir, lowering the pressure on the cylinder and releasing the brakes. The use of the drum and flywheel meant the valve only opened when the wheel was turning. In testing, a 30% improvement in braking pe
8、rformance was noted, because the pilots immediately applied full brakes instead of slowly increasing pressure in order to find the skid point. An additional benefit was the elimination of burned or burst tires.In 1958, a Royal Enfield Super Meteor motorcycle was used by the Road Research Laboratory
9、to test the Maxaret anti-lock brake. The experiments demonstrated that anti-lock brakes can be of great value to motorcycles, for which skidding is involved in a high proportion of accidents. Stopping distances were reduced in most of the tests compared with locked wheel braking, particularly on sli
10、ppery surfaces, in which the improvement could be as much as 30 percent. Enfields technical director at the time, Tony Wilson-Jones, saw little future in the system, however, and it was not put into production by the company.A fully mechanical system saw limited automobile use in the 1960s in the Fe
11、rguson P99 racing car, the Jensen FF, and the experimental all wheel drive Ford Zodiac, but saw no further use; the system proved expensive and unreliable in automobile use.Modern systemsChrysler, together with the Bendix Corporation, introduced a computerized, three-channel, four-sensor all-wheel A
12、BS called Sure Brake for its 1971 Imperial.It was available for several years thereafter, functioned as intended, and proved reliable. In 1971, General Motors introduced the Trackmaster rear-wheel only ABS as an option on their Rear-wheel drive Cadillac models. In the same year, Nissan offered an EA
13、L (Electro Anti-lock System) as an option on the Nissan President, which became Japans first electronic ABS.In 1988, BMW introduced the first motorcycle with an electronic-hydraulic ABS: the BMW K100. Honda followed suit in 1992 with the launch of its first motorcycle ABS on the ST1100 Pan European.
14、 In 2007, Suzuki launched its GSF1200SA (Bandit) with an ABS. In 2005, Harley-Davidson began offering ABS as an option for police bikes. In 2008, ABS became a factory-installed option on all Harley-Davidson Touring motorcycles and standard equipment on select models. OperationThe anti-lock brake con
15、troller is also known as the CAB (Controller Anti-lock Brake).A typical ABS includes a central electronic control unit (ECU), four wheel speed sensors, and at least two hydraulic valves within the brake hydraulics. The ECU constantly monitors the rotational speed of each wheel; if it detects a wheel
16、 rotating significantly slower than the others, a condition indicative of impending wheel lock, it actuates the valves to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel, thus reducing the braking force on that wheel; the wheel then turns faster. Conversely, if the ECU detects a wheel turning significantly faster than the others, brake hydraulic pressure to the wheel is increased so the braking force is reapplied, slowing down the wheel. This p
