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1、The essential elements of communication1. there should be at least two parts. 2. there should be a message 3. there should be a contact between the two parts 4. there should bea language that both sides share. 5. there should a place 6.time for the communication to take place.Message （信息）Source of m
2、essage encode code channel/medium decoder retriever of message（信息源） 编码） （密码） （渠道/媒介） （解码） （信息接受者） Attributes of communication1. It is a born need 2. It is interactive 3. it can be either constructive or destructive to a relation4. It cannot be white washed in case it is performed. I. What is culture
3、?The definition can be in three-step hierarchy/ the structure of culture Spiritual: beliefs, core of value, ethnics, etc.;Custom/social: manners, organizations, techniques, etc,.Material: food, tools, clothing, etc.Ideological culture/ social culture/ material cultureFour Aspects of Culture1. Its le
4、arnt, not obtained from genes.Social, family, and regional factors as input.2. Its shared by a group of people. Local language and culture to be shared by people in a certain group.3. Its symbolic. Many can be of symbols of a culture - language （verbal or non-verbal one）, architects, arts, and so on
5、.4. Its adaptive. No culture is fixed except the dead.What may effect cross-cultural communicationWay of observing verbal language non-verbal language Kickbacks回扣（而不是：踢回） Honey cooler讨好女人的男子（而不是：甜饮料） Dog-eared书页的折角（而不是：狗耳朵） Sea-elephant 海豹（而不是：海象walrus） Street walker妓女（而不是：行人） Hospital trust银行（而不是：友
6、好的信任） Lover情人（而不是：爱人） Rest room厕所（而不是：休息室） Dollar sale全部商品一美圆贱卖（而不是：美圆贱卖） Green wash塑造环保形象（而不是：刷绿色） busboy饭店里的洗碗檫桌子的杂工（而不是：公共汽车上的售票员 busybody大忙人，它相当于汉语中的“爱管闲事的人”。从跨文化角度提出了出口商标翻译的三种方法，即直译法、音译法和音意合璧法 Who to whom? Introduce the host to the visitor/ first(groups) First introduce your side to the visitin
7、g side Then the visiting side will make an introduction of themselves Younger to the senior first Low rank to high rank first Lady first If on the same position, the senior aged first 下面介绍一下西方的名片一些小知识，这个也许对我们将来会有帮助的。P.P:即介绍，意思是当你的合作伙伴刘总送给一张名片上左下角写着这个字样 的时候，你不用着急，这意思是让你去认识一个人。你要打电话到你要认识的那个 人那边去，说:你好我
8、是某某公司的谁谁，是刘总让我打电话给你的。P.F：如果名字左下角写着这样的字样是表示当有什么节日或有什么事时，你的朋友为了敬祝或答谢你，送你的礼物。他在礼物上留了一张名片，并在名片左下角 写上P.F。表示敬贺的意思。P.R：表达谨谢。这时当你收到地方的礼物时，想回敬时，也可以在礼物上放上 一个名片左下角写上P.R。当对方收到礼物时，看看名片就知道是你的回敬了。N.B 意为请注意。当接到这样的名片时，意为请你注意的意思。Individualism vs Collectivism Individualism stands for a preference for a loosely knit so
9、cial framework in society in which individuals are supposedto take care of themselves and their immediate families only. Collectivism stands for a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which individuals can expect their relatives, clan, or other-in-group to look after them in exchange fo
10、r unquestioning loyalty.Social InteractionWhen two or more than two persons are doing something together in order to fulfill an aim, a social situation exists.Elements of a social situation(at least two participants; an aim; a setting; schema for fulfilling the aim; verbal or non-verbal communicatio
11、n; time and space)It is heard but it isnt taken in the way it is uttered. In a social situation, all participating sides can monitor the communication process. The utterance meaning/thespeakers meaning/thehearers m.How to give gifts:- Wrapped in a paper, or in a box or container- With a card on top
12、or inside- With a receipt in case it will be returned by receiver- Personal presenting or by delivery company- Money in an envelopeSocial distance is a term referring to the similarity or dissimilarity between the two cultures. High context cultures emphasize the context in which a communicationtake
13、s place; they pay a great deal of attention to implicit, nonverbal messages;Low context cultures place less emphasis on the context of communication (such as implied meaning or nonverbal messages); they rely on explicit verbal messages.Power Distance is the extent to which the members of a society a
14、ccept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. high-power-distance (or large/strong):- People in high power distance societies accept a hierarchical order.low-power-distance(or small/less power distance):- People in low power distance societies strive for power equaliza
15、tionand demand justification for power inequalitiesAttitudesbehaviorsHierarchyRelationshipsPowerUse of powerDependencyDecision makingand Large power distanceHierarchies reflect the basic inequality of people.Small power distanceHierarchies are only convenient ways of organizing activities.ComfortablewithPrefer equal relationshipshierarchical relationshipsAccept differences in power Dislikeand distrustauthorityWhoever holds power is righWhoever uses their power will and good.be judged as to whether theyuse it in the right way.The less powerful are I nt erdependence be t
