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1、2022年考博英语-南京大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modem comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution (1760
2、1840) when 10 to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoon as a half
3、-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870s，but did not become common in the United States until the 1920s.In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per week to just 50 hours by the start of the 1930s. I
4、n 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular
5、 with workers.The Depression years of the 1930s brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940，and since th
6、at time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37. 5-hour workweek, and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-h
7、our week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6-to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 f
8、or France.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.Compared to preindustrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century （ ）.3.What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the United States during the 1930s?4.Which of the followin
9、g is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?问题1选项A.Why people in preindustrial societies worked few hours per week.B.Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week.C.A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industri
10、es.D.Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution.问题2选项A.remained constantB.decreased slightlyC.decreased significantlyD.increased significantly问题3选项A.Several people sometimes shared a single job.B.Labor strikes in several countries influenced labor policy in the United StatesC.Several corpor
11、ations increased the length of the workweek.D.The United States government instituted a 35-hour workweek问题4选项A.To discourage workers from asking for increased wages.B.To establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek.C.To allow employers to set the length of the workweek for their workers.
12、D.To restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.主旨题。根据文章第一段，作者主要对工业化前后，人们工作时间的变化。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，工业革命前，人们每天花三到四个小时来完成生活必需的劳动，到了现代，人们每周需要工作六天，每天工作十到十二小时，可以得出，工作时间是不断增长的。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“The Depression years of the 1930s brought with them the n
13、otion of job sharing to spread available work around”，工作的大萧条时代到来，使他们有了工作分担的想法，所以有时候几个人会同事做同样的工作。选项A符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据最后一段，“In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940，and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United S
14、tates.”，8小时5天的工作制就开始了，选项B符合题意。2. 单选题If you （ ） the principle of democratic government to your family you will run into some obvious difficulties.问题1选项A.carryB.trackC.manipulateD.adapt【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。Carry“拿，搬运”；track“跟踪，追踪”；manipulate“操纵，控制”；adapt“使适应”。句意：如果你使民主政府的原则适用于家庭中，那你会遇到各种明显的困难。选项D符合题意。3. 单选
15、题It is estimated that a scientific principle has a life expectancy of approximately a decade before it drastically revised or replaced by newer information.问题1选项A.estimatedB.a life expectancyC.decadeD.it drastically【答案】D【解析】根据题中it is estimated可知，D项应该也为被动语态it is drastically revised，构成并列结构，句意：据估计，在一项科学原则被新的信息彻底地修改和更新之前，预期的寿命大概是十年。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题The pioneers of the teaching of science imagined that its introduction into education would move the conventionality, artificiality, and backward-lookingness which were characteristic of classical studies, but they were gr
