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1、 定语从句1什么是定语从句？由一个完整的句子充当定语的从句为定语从句。2特点：和其它类从句比较，除了有引导词（关系词）定语从句有“先行词”。3什么是先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词/代词为先行词。4定语从句的种类：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。5定语从句引导词（关系词）的种类：关系代词和关系副词。例：I work in a school which was built 50 years ago.在此句中”school”为先行词，which 来引导定语从句，“which was built 50 years ago.”整句话来修饰先行词做定语，所以这是个定语从句。注：定语从句的引导词通常置于先行
2、词之后引导定语从句。（一）代词性引导词和副词性引导词，即关系代词和关系副词。代词性引导词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as等，副词性引导词有：when,where,why等，代词性引导词在定语从句中充当主语/宾语，副词性引导词在定语从句中充当状语。注：what 不能引导定语从句，因为what从句属于名词性从句。（二）基本用法。授课：XXX1先行词性质不同要使用不同的引导词，先行词指人时，可用that,who,whom代指，who与whom的区别在于who是主格，在从句中作主语，whom是宾格，在从句中作宾语，而that作主语/宾语均可。先行词指物时，用that/whi
3、ch代指，可见，that既可代指人的先行词，也可代指物的先行词。例：Do you know the man that is standing by the door?此句that 引导定语从句，代指先行词the man.例：This is the book that I have been looking for .此句that引导定语从句，代指先行词the book.例：This is the book which I have been looking for.此句which引导定语从句，代指先行词the book.例：Do you know the man who is standing
4、 by the door?此句who 引导定语从句，代指行行词the man,作从句的主语。也可用that引导从句，如” Do you know the man that is standing by the door?”例：The lady whom we saw this morning is Mrs.Brown.此句whom引导定语从句，代指先行词the lady，在从句中作宾语。也可用that引导即“The lady that we saw this morning is Mrs.Brown.”例：As is known to all,China is a large country.
5、As is know to all是个很常用的表达方式，这也是的定语从句，只不过它的位置不像别的定语从句在先行词的后面，本句as代指主句的含义授课：XXX“中国是个大国“。As是一个特殊的引导词，引导定语从句时为代词。不像其他的代词性引导词用来代指一个具体的先行词，as代指整个主句的含义，which引导非限定性定语从句时，也有类似的用法。例：He is often late,which makes his teacher angry.此句which引导定语从句，代指主句的含义“他经常迟到“，作从句的主语，这时which 引导的就是非限定性定语从句。Which和as的用法相似，但也有区别。（1）
6、 which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句在主句前，中，后均可，在主句前居多。（2） as常理解为“正如，正像“而which常理解为”这，这事，这点“（3） as常用的固定搭配有，as is often the case,as was expected,as often happens,as is known to all,as has been said before,as is mentioned above等2副词性引导词。副词性引导词when.where,why.例：I often think of the happy days when I was in France
7、.When引导定语从句，修饰先行词days意为“in the happy days”作从句的时间状语。例：This is the building where my father works.Where引导定语从句，修饰先行词building，意为“in the building授课：XXX”，作从句的地点状语。例：Do you know the reason why he was late.Why引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason意为“for the reason”，作从句的原因状语。说明：从以上的例子可以看出，代词性引导词在从句中作主语/宾语，副词性引导词在从句中作状语。注：如果引导词在
8、从句中作宾语，则引导词可以省略。(一)限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的比较。限定性定语从句与先行词的关系密不可分，不可用逗号分开。而非限定性定语从句只是到先行词起补充说明作用，与先行词关系松散，通常用逗号将其分开，非限定性定语从句不能用that代指先行词。例：This is the photo that/which I took.The famous basketball player,who tried to make a comeback,attracted a lot of attention.（二）that与which的区别。当先行词指物时才需要讨论这个问题。1 当先行词为不定代词，
9、如anything,everything,nothing,none,one,all,little,few,much等，或先行词被all,little,few,much,any,only,the every,every,no等修饰时，要用that代指先行词。授课：XXX例：All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally,the thief handed everyting that he had stolen to the police.This is the only problem that remains to be settled.2.先行词是
10、序数词/最高级形容词时，或先行词被序数词，最高级形容词，具有最高级意义的形容词（如last）修饰时，要用that作引导词。例：This is the first/best film that I have seen since I came here.3.先行词同时包括人和物时，要用that作引导词。例：They often talk about the people and the things that they like most.(三)不能用that引导的定语从句。1.在非限定性定语从句中不能用that，而用who,whom,which等代指先行词。例：I saw Mary just
11、now,who seemed very excited.2.介词后不能用that。例：This is the person to whom your father spoke just now.3.当先行词是all,any,few,one(s),anyone,everyone,those,people等且指人时，只能用who,不用that.例：Those who are present will have the chance to see the film star.(四)as与which代指主句的含义。授课：XXX有的定语从句并不修饰一个具体的先行词，而是修饰整个主句，由which/as引
12、导，这时which和as都代词性的，代指主句的含义，但是用法不同，上文有讲。例1：_is often the case,we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B.When C.What D.As例2：_is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior school is increasing. AWhich B.As C.That D.It 例3：Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_,o
13、f course,made the others envy him. A.who B.that C.what D.which.例4：He made another wonderful discovery,_of great importance to science. A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think is例5：The weather turned out to be very good,_was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C.
14、that D.it.(五)先行词前有such,so,the same修饰时。这种情况下，定语从句用as引导，as代指先行词，在从句在作主语/宾语。授课：XXX例：1. She is such a kind teacher as we all like.2. She is so kind a teacher as we all like3. She is such a kind teacher that we all like her.1和2句均为定语从句，先行词均为teacher,分别用了such a kind teacher和so kind a teacher结构，含义是一样的。先行词有su
15、ch/so修饰，要用as.在这两个句子中，as代指先行词，逻辑语序为we all like as,as作宾语。句3用了suchthat结构that本身没有含义，也不是从句的成分，只是起到引导的作用，从句的主谓宾分别为，we,like,her。这个问题的解题技巧是看从句是否主谓宾完整，如缺少宾语，必然要用引导词作宾语，选择as,如从句成分完整，选that,组成suchthat.结构。例1 This is such a difficult problem_none of us can work it out2 This is such a difficult problem_none of us can work out3 This is a difficult problem_none of us can work out.句1是个完整的句子，用that.句2从句中缺少宾语，且problem有such修饰，故是定语从句，用引导词as，句3
