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1、病理生理学重点名词解释与简答题First,thenounexplanationThebasicpathologicalprocess:mainlyreferstoavarietyofdiseasesmayoccur,common,completesetsoffunctions,metabolismandstructuralchanges.Health:healthmeansnotonlysicknessorillness,butalsoacomplete,physical,mental,andsocialstateofbeing.Disease:diseaseisundercertaincon
2、ditionscausedbythecauseofdamage,duetothebodysselfregulatorydisorderandtheoccurrenceofabnormallifeprocess.Etiology:acauseofdiseasethatischaracteristicofthediseaseandisknownasthecauseofthedisease.Incentives:factorsthatcontributetothedevelopmentofdiseasearecalledtriggers.Braindeath(braindeath):theperma
3、nentcessationofthefunctionoftheorganismasawholeisapermanentlossofthefunctionofthebrain.Atpresent,thestandardofbraindeathabovetheforamenmagnumisgenerallyused.Hypotonicdehydration:alsocalledhyponatremiaoflowvolume,characterizedbylosingNa+morethandehydration,serumNa+concentration130mmol/L,plasmaosmotic
4、pressure150mmol/L,plasmaosmolality,310mmol/L,extracellularfluidvolumeandextracellularfluidvolumearereduced.Waterintoxication:highsolubilityhyponatremia,characterizedbydecreasedserumsodium,serumNa+concentration,130mmol/L,plasmaosmoticpressure280mmol/L,butthetotalbodysodiumisnormalorincreased,thepatie
5、nthaswaterretention,sothatthevolumeoffluidincreasessignificantly.Dehydrationfever:becauseofthedecreaseofwaterfromtheskin,theheatisaffected,leadingtoelevatedbodytemperature,calleddehydrationfever.Edema:excessivefluidthatiscallededemaintheinterstitialspaceorinsidethebodycavity.Hyperkalemia:serumpotass
6、iumlevelsarehigherthan5.5mmol/LHypokalemia:serumpotassiumlevelsbelow3.5mmol/L.Disturbanceofacid-basebalance:theexcessiveacidbaseoverload,seriousdeficiencyorregulatorydisturbancecausedbypathologicalconditionsleadtothePHabnormalconditioncausedbythedestructionofacid-basehomeostasisintheenvironment.Meta
7、bolicacidosis:atypeofacid-basedisturbancecharacterizedbyanincreaseinextracellularfluidH+oraprimarydecreaseinHC03-andadecreaseinPH.Respiratoryacidosis:aC02disorderorexcessiveintakecausesadisturbanceofacid-basebalancecharacterizedbyaprimaryincreaseinplasmaH2CO3andadecreaseinPH.Metabolicacidosis:extrac
8、ellularliquidincreaseorlossofH+,HCO3-inplasmaincreasedandPHincreasedprimaryacid-basedisorderscharacterizedbytype.Respiratoryalkalosis:atypeofacid-basedisturbancecharacterizedbyhyperventilationofthelungsandprimarydecreaseinplasmaH2CO3andelevatedPH.Mixedacid-basedisturbance:therearetwoorthreesimpletyp
9、esofacid-basedisturbancesinthesamepatient.Hypoxia(hypoxia):pathologicalchangesincellularmetabolism,function,andmorphologicalstructureresultingfromreducedoxygensupplyorimpairedoxygenuse.Cyanosis(cyanosis):whentheuniformconcentrationofdeoxygenatedhemoglobininthebloodcapillaryofmorethan5g/dl,theskinand
10、mucousmembraneswerepurple.Typefour:hypoxiaandhypoxichypoxia,bloodtype,hypoxiacirculatoryhypoxia,hypoxia.Enterogenouscyanosis:methemoglobinemiaduetoeatingleadstoalargenumberofhemoglobinoxidationcausedby.Shock:thiswordbyShock,andEnglishshock,variousstrongriskfactorsactingonthebody,thecirculationdecrea
11、seddramatically,tissueandorganperfusionofmicrocirculationisseriouslyinsufficient,andsystemiccriticalpathologicalprocessofvitalorgansfunction,metabolicdisorderserious.MODS(multipleorgandysfunctionsyndrome):referstotheseveretrauma,infection,shock,theoriginalorgandysfunctionofpatientsatthesametimeorwit
12、hinashortperiodoftimehaveappearedmorethantwoorgansystemdysfunctionthathomoiostasismustrelyonclinicalinterventiontomaintainsyndrome.Systemicinflammatoryresponse(SIRS):duetoinfectionornoninfectioncauseseffectsonthebodycausedbyuncontrolledselfsustainedamplificationandsystemicinflammatoryresponsesyndrom
13、eselfdestruction.Compensatoryanti-inflammatoryresponsesyndrome(CARS):referstoinfectionortraumacancausethebodytoproduceimmunefunctiondecreasingandincreasingendogenousanti-inflammatoryreactionistoostrongonsusceptibilitytoinfection.DIC(disseminatedintravascularbleeding):aroleinthepathogenicfactor,theco
14、agulationsystemwasactivatedandinducedbymicrothrombosis,orsecondaryfibrinolysis,resultinginbleeding,shock,organdysfunctionandmicroangiopathichemolyticanemiainapathologicalprocess.FDPfibrindegradationproducts:allkindsoffragmentsproducedbyFbnandFbgenzymehydrolysis.Schistocyte:redcelldeformationofaspeci
15、alshape,calledschistocyte,shape,star,moonshapedhelmet,referredtoastheredcelldebris.Thedebrisisfragile,pronetohemolysis.Heartfailure:variouscausesofheartpumpdysfunction,cardiacoutputortoreducerelatively,apathologicalprocesscannotmeetthemetabolicneedsoftheorganization.Myocardialstrain(muscle)sourceexpansion:Thesourceofexpansion:reducethemyocardialtensionduetostrokevolume,theventricularenddiastolicvolumeincreased,preloadledtotheincreaseoftheinitiallengthofthemusclefibersincreased,thenenhancemyocardialcontractility,metabolismincreasesstrokev
