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1、2022-2023年考博英语-北京师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Why do some desert plants grow tall and thin like organ pipes? Why do most trees in the tropics keep their leaves year round? Why in the Arctic tundra are there no trees at all? After many years without convincing general answers, we now know much about what se
2、ts the fashion in plant design.Using terminology more characteristic of a thermal engineer than of a botanist, we can think of plants as mechanisms that must balance their heat budgets. A plant by day is staked out under the Sun with no way of sheltering itself. All day long it absorbs heat. If it d
3、id not lose as much heat as it gained, then eventually it would die.Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them, by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere and the cold, black reaches of space temperature is tolerable for the processes of life. Plants in the Arctic
4、 tundra lie close to the ground in the thin layer of still air that clings there. A foot or two above the ground are the winds of Arctic cold. Tundra plants absorb heat from the Sun and tend to warm up; they probably balance most of their heat budgets by radiating heat to space, but also by warming
5、the still air that is trapped among them. As long as Arctic plants are close to the ground, they can balance their heat budgets. But if they should stretch up as a tree does, they would lift their working parts, their leaves, into the streaming Arctic winds. Then it is likely that the plants could n
6、ot absorb enough heat from the Sun to avoid being cooled below a critical temperature. Your heat budget does not balance if you stand tall in the Arctic.Such thinking also helps explain other characteristics of plant design. A desert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant the
7、danger of overheating. It is short of water and so cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating. The familiar sticklike shape of desert plants represents one of the solutions to this problem: the shape exposes the smallest possible surface to incoming solar radiation and provides the larges
8、t possible surface from which the plant can radiate heat. In tropical rain forests, by way of contrast, the scorching sun is not a problem for plants because there is sufficient water.This working model allows us to connect the general characteristics of the forms of plants in different habitats wit
9、h factors such as temperature, availability of water, and presence or absence of seasonal differences. Our Earth is covered with a patchwork quilt of meteorological conditions, and the patterns of this patchwork are faithfully reflected by the plants.1. Which of the following characteristics of plan
10、ts does the passage primarily focus on?2.According to the passage, which of the following is most responsible for preventing trees from growing tall in the Arctic?3.The author suggests that the sticklike shape of desert plants in Line 3 (Paragraph 4) can be attributed to the（）4.All of the following
11、are mentioned in the passage as contributions to the plants,balancing their heat EXCEPT .5. Which is the TRUE statement about the different plants?问题1选项A.Their ability to grow equally well in all environments.B.Their effects on the Earths atmosphere.C.Their ability to store water for dry periods.D.T
12、heir ability to balance heat intake and output.问题2选项A.The hard, frozen ground.B.The small amount of available sunshine.C.The cold, destructive winds.D.The large amount of snow that falls each year.问题3选项A.inability of the plants to radiate heat to the air around themB.presence of irregular seasonal d
13、ifferences in the desertC.large surface area that the plants must expose to the SunD.extreme heat and aridity of the habitat问题4选项A.radiating heat to the atmosphereB.warming the air around themC.absorbing heat from the sunD.evaporating water问题5选项A.Arctic plants expose the smallest possible surface to
14、 incoming solar radiation.B.Tropical plants are usually not affected by the strong sunshine.C.Desert plants grow densely close to the ground.D.Plants in different regions show no relations to the seasons.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:主旨思想题。根据第二段的第一句plants as mechanisms that must balance their
15、 heat budgets.植物作为生物体要保持热量的平衡，之后的段落主要说明植物是如何保持热量平衡的。所以本文主要围绕植物吸收与散发热量的平衡来展开说明。选项D正确。第2题:根据第三段的内容可知，只要北极植物靠近地面，就能平衡热量收支，如果北极植物过高，则会受到北极风的影响，从而无法从太阳吸收足够的热量。所以，北极植物长得矮主要是受北极的风影响，选项C正确。第3题:信息推断题。根据文章第四段第三句It is short of water and so cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating它缺少水，所以不脱水就不能通过蒸发来冷却自己。选项D符合原文。第4题:细节判断题。根据第三段的第一句Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them, by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere。只有选项C没有提及。第5题:信息判断题。根据第四段的内容可知选项A指的是沙漠植物而不是北极植物；根据倒数第二段的最后一句 In tropical rain forests, . the scorching sun is not a problem for
