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1、现在完成时态的用法一.现在完成时的构成:现在完成时由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。has用于第三人称单数,have用于其他各种人称.二.现在完成时的用法:其用法主要有三种I.“已完成”用法:表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。这一类情况可以细致分为下述两种情况。1）表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束。常和just，now，already，yet，notyet等不确定的时间状语连用。Li Ming has just turned off the light.李明刚刚把灯关上.（说明现在灯关上了）Ive finished my homework now.现在我已经做完作
2、业了。（说明可以交作业或做别的了）2）表示过去动作的结果，现在仍残留着。一般不用时间状语。I have lost my pen.我把笔丢了.（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没找到这支笔）She has become a teacher.她已经当了老师。（说明她现在仍是老师）II.“未完成”用法。表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。常和表示一段时间的状语连用。如today，this week（month），lately，recently，these days，in the past few days，during the last two weeks，since，
3、since yesterday，since 2 days ago，since 1991，for a long time，for a month，so far，up to now，till（until） now等。He has lived here for 30 years.他住在这儿三十年了。（现在还住在这儿）Theyve known each other since childhood.他们从小彼此相识。（现在还在往来）How long have you studied English？你学英语多久了？（现在仍在学）III.经验性用法:表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次出
4、现的状态。常与频度副词如often,always,every week,twice等连用。I have been to the Summer Palace twice.我曾经去过颐和园两次。He has always said so.他总是这么说.三.现在完成时的时间状语I现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago，just now等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定
5、句和疑问句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。They havent finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。b. 用ever和never.多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗?(have ever been to ,曾经去过)-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。（have never been to ,未曾去过）c. 用表示到说话
6、为止的过去时间状语，如just刚刚（句中）, before以前（句末）, up to now直到现在，到如今,in the past/last few years过去几年里， the last few days,近几天等。例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。He has been there three times the last few days.近几天他去过那里三次了。d. 用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如now,today,this morning(month,year,ter
7、m),over these years，since 和for引导的时间等。例如：-Have you met him today?-No, I havent.今天你见过他吗？我没有。How many times have you been there this year?今年你去过那里多少次？比较since和forSince 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
8、注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。） 注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2
9、）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. since的四种用法 1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been h
10、ere since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。 2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 3） since +从句（用过去时态）。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。 4） It is +一段时间+ since从句，自。以来是多久了。例如： It is two ye
11、ars since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。II短暂性动词不能和表一段时间的时间状语连用。如：come, go, arrive, reach, hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, fall, join, die, get up等。但如果要保留表一段时间的时间状语，必须将动词改为延续性动词。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换如： fall asleep (ill) be asleep (ill)get to know know begin,(start) be on
12、open be open buy have get up be up die be deadgo out be out come be inclosebe closed arrivebe here joinbe in, be a +名词 finish( end )be over leave,be away（from） borrow keepgo to schoolbe a student catch(a cold) have(a cold)begin to studystudy come back/return to be back in回到put onwear 或be on marry be
13、 /get married结婚go be in 如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。The film has been on for 5 minutes.电影已开始五分钟了。We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。I have kept the book for two days .这本书我借两天了。四.几点注意事项I. have been(to)与have gone( t
14、o)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。Where is Mr Li ? 李先生在哪儿？He has gone to the zoo. - 他去动物园了。have been in表示“在某地呆了多少时间”，常与时间段状语连用。如：I have been in Shanghai for three years我到上海已有三年了。He has been in London for half a month他来伦敦已有半个月了II.不可延续性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I havent left here since 1997.自从1997年以
