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1、2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In the eighteenth century, Japans feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was
2、 also due to factors beyond the overlords control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in schol
3、arship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls
4、in overlords income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in de
5、bt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.It was difficult for individual samurai over lords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not
6、 unlimited, and since the income of Japans central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already
7、 on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically
8、unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.Most of the countrys wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they sh
9、ould contribute part of that revenue to ease the shoguns burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they we
10、re high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns，search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.31.The passage is most probably an excerpt from（ ）.32.Which of t
11、he following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japans Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?33.Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in Sentence 5, Paragraph 1?34.The passage sugges
12、ts that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of tax collector（ ）.35.The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants for help in financing the state?问题1选项A.an economic history of JapanB.the memoirs of a samurai warriorC.a mo
13、dern novel about eighteenth-century JapanD.an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its Western counterpart问题2选项A.A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.B.Fire destroys a small business
14、, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.C.A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.D.A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.问题3选项A.Warmly approving.B.Mildly sympathetic.C.Bitterly disappo
15、inted.D.Harshly disdainful.问题4选项A.was a source of personal profit to the officeholderB.was regarded with derision by many JapaneseC.remained within familiesD.existed only in castle-towns问题5选项A.A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.B.Most of the countrys wealth appeared to be in
16、city merchants hands.C.Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.D.The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】31.推理题。题干中的excerpt一词的意思为“摘录”。浏览全文后发现本文主题句为第一段第一句。In the eighteenth century, Japans feudal overlords, from the shogun to the
