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1、2022年考博英语-西安电子科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric s
2、hocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager foun
3、d that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree. Jay Wei
4、ss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli dont develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they lat
5、er behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was d
6、iscovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the s
7、accharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener
8、during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.1. Laudenslagers experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electrici
9、ty _.2. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to _.3. The reason why the mice in Aders experiment avoided saccharin was that _.4. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Aders experiment was that _.5. It can be concluded from the
10、 passage that the immune systems of animals _.问题1选项A.was strengthenedB.was not affectedC.was alteredD.was weakened问题2选项A.try to control unpleasant stimuliB.turn off the electricityC.behave passively in controllable situationsD.become abnormally suspicious问题3选项A.they disliked its tasteB.it affected t
11、heir immune systemsC.it led to stomach painsD.they associated it with stomachaches问题4选项A.they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinB.the sweetener was poisonous to themC.their immune systems had been altered by the mindD.they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning问题5选项
12、A.can be weakened by conditioningB.can be suppressed by drug injectionsC.can be affected by frequent doses of saccharinD.can be altered by electric shocks【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】Laudenslagers experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity _
13、. 劳登斯拉格的实验表明，那些能切断电源的老鼠的免疫系统_。A. was strengthened A. 得到了加强B. was not affected B. 没有受到影响C. was altered C. 发生了改变D. was weakened D. 被削弱了【答案】B【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段倒数第二句“劳登斯拉格发现，无助的老鼠的免疫反应低于正常水平，而那些可以切断电源的老鼠则没有。”因此选B。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项属于反向干扰；2.【选项释义】According to the passage, the experience of helple
14、ssness causes rats to _. 根据文章，无助的经历导致老鼠_。A. try to control unpleasant stimuli A. 试图控制不愉快的刺激B. turn off the electricity B. 关掉电源C. behave passively in controllable situations C. 在可控的情况下被动地行动D. become abnormally suspicious D. 变得异常多疑【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段“如果这些动物面对它们无法控制的情况，它们在面对它们可以控制的经历时，会
15、表现得被动。（they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control）”因此选C。【干扰项排除】A选项“试图控制不愉快的刺激”，文中提到“杜克大学医学院的心理学家杰伊韦斯已经证明，能够控制不愉快刺激的动物不会出现睡眠障碍，也不会出现典型的应激大鼠大脑化学变化。但是，如果动物面对他们无法控制的情况，它们以后在面对它们可以控制的经历时会表现被动。”由此可知，一旦动物遇到过它们控制不了的事情和局面，以后即使面对它们能够控制的事情，它们依然会很被动。该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰；B选项“关掉电源”，文中第一段提到“无助的老鼠的免疫反应低于正常水平，而那些可以切断电源的老鼠则没有。他认为，他所证明的是，缺乏对事件的控制是削弱免疫系统的原因，而不是经历本身。”由此可知关掉电源这个实验证明的是无助的老鼠的免疫反应低于正常水平，并没有说无助的经历会让老鼠关掉电源，该选项属于过度推断；D选项“变得异常多疑”，文中没提及，该选项属于无中生有。3.【选项释义】The reason why the mice in Aders experiment avoided saccharin was that _. 在阿德的实验中
