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1、Lesson 1 Civil Engineering.重点单词、短语：【仅供参考】序 号单词、短语音 标词性。释 义1civil engineeringsivl endinirin。土木工程2irrigation systemiriein sistmn。灌溉系统3tunneltnln。隧道4damdmn.水坝、大坝5harborh:bn.海港、避难所6power plantpau pl：ntn.发电站、发电厂7water systemw：t sistmn.供水系统8sewage systemsu：d sistmn.污水处理系统9mass transitms trnsitn.公共交通10publ
2、ic facilitiespblik fsilitizn.市政设施、公共设施11railroadrelrdn。铁路12pipelinepaplann。管道13skyscraperskaskrep（r）n.摩天大楼14selfcontained community-n。独立的团体15utility placementju：tltin。实用布置16soil experimentn。土工实验17preliminary datapriliminri deitn。初始资料18offshore projectf:（r)n。近海工程19water resources engineering-n。水资源工程2
3、0excavate the foundationn。挖基础21build the form -n。支模板22pour the concrete-n。浇混凝土23lay outn。定线.课文全文分句翻译及重点句型标注：TEXT土木工程Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design,construction， and management of the built environmentThis environment includes all structures built a
4、ccording to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.【译】土木工程，最古老的工程专业,是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools,mass transit，
5、and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrationsThey also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads,pipelines， skyscrapers， and other large structures designed for industrial,commercial， or residential useIn addition，civil engineers plan,
6、design，and build complete cities and towns,and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities【译】土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、供水系统和污水处理系统、医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。 他们也修建私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、管线、摩天大楼，和为工业、商业、民用设计的其他大型建筑. 此外,土木工程师规划、设计和修建完成整个城市和
7、乡镇,最近已经开始规划和设计空间站以容纳独立的(科研)团体。The word civil derives from the Latin for citizenIn 1782,Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the timeSince then，the term civil engineering has often been used to
8、refer to engineers who build public facilities,although the field is much broader【译】“土木这个词是从拉丁文“citizen”派生而来的。 1782年，英国人John Smeaton 用这个术语来区分他的非军事工程项目和当时占统治地位的军事工程师的工程项目。 从那以后，土木工程这个术语已经经常被用来指那些修建公共设施的工程师们，尽管这个领域比以前更广. Scope。Because it is so broad，civil engineering is subdivided into a number of tec
9、hnical specialtiesDepending on the type of project,the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be neededWhen a project begins，the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement-water,sewer，and power linesGeotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to
10、 determine if the earth can bear the weight of the projectEnvironmental specialists study the projects impact on the local area：the potential for air and groundwater pollution,the projects impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed
11、 at protecting the environmentTransportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed projectMeanwhile，structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs，plans，an
12、d specifications for the projectSupervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists，from beginning to end of the project,are the construction management specialistsBased on information supplied by the other specialists，construction management civil engineers estimate quantities
13、 and costs of materials and labor，schedule all work，order materials and equipment for the job,hire contractors and subcontractors，and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified【译】范围.因为土木工程的范围太广,所以它被细分为许多技术专业。 根据工程的类型，就需要土木工程师的各种技能。 当一项工程开始时,土木工程师要勘测现场并
14、绘图,他们还要确定水管、污水管道和电线的实用布置. 岩土工程专家要做土工试验以确定该土是否能承受这项工程的重量。环境专家要研究工程对当地区域的影响:潜在的空气污染和地下水污染，工程对当地动植物的影响，以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对保护环境的要求。交通运输专家要确定需用什么类型的设施来减轻由完工的工程产生的负荷对当地道路和其他运输网所带来的压力。同时,结构专家用初始资料来做工程的详细设计，规划和说明书。从工程开始到结束，施工管理专家监督和协调这些土木工程专家们的工作。根据其他专家提供的信息,施工管理土木工程师要估计材料和劳动力的数量和成本，安排所有的工作,订购工作所需的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和转
15、包人，以及做其他的监督管理工作以确保工程能按照说明按时完工。Throughout any given project，civil engineers make extensive use of computersComputers are used to design the projects various elements （computeraided design，or CAD） and to manage itComputers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the lar
