非谓语动词与谓语动词的比较研究

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1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的比较研究摘要:本文通过对非谓语动词与谓语动词之间的比较与分析,对非谓语动词进行了系统详尽的研究,着重阐明了各非谓语动词之间在语态、时态和语法成分上的区别。核心词:非谓语动词 逻辑主语 语态 时态非谓语动词与谓语动词有着千丝万缕的联系。从形式上讲,谓语动词有四种:以动词do为例,动词原型为do、过去式为did、目前分词为doing和过去分词为done;非谓语动词也有四种:以动词do为例,不定式为to do;目前分词为doing、动名词为doing和过去分词为done。其中,目前分词和动名词目前统称为V-ing。从语态上讲,谓语动词和非谓语动词均有两种,但体现形式不同。以动词

2、do为例,谓语动词是:积极语态do和被动语态be done;非谓语动词是:积极语态,不定式to do,目前分词和动名词doing。被动语态,不定式to be done,目前分词和动名词being done和过去分词done。从时态上讲,谓语动词有16种时态:一般目前时、目迈进行时、目前完毕时、目前完毕进行时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完毕时、过去完毕进行时、过去将来时、过去将来进行时、过去将来完毕时、过去将来完毕进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完毕时、将来完毕进行时,而非谓语动词由于最多有四种形式,一般式(不定式、目前分词与动名词和过去分词)、进行式(不定式)、完毕式(不定式和目前分词与

3、动名词)、完毕进行式(不定式),因此,它们只能代表十种时态:一般目前时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、目迈进行时、过去进行时、目前完毕时、过去完毕时、目前完毕进行时和过去完毕进行时。注:由于不定式、目前分词和动名词都没有将来式,因此,就用其一般式替代将来式。从构造上讲,谓语动词没有复合构造和独立主格构造,而非谓语动词却有。请看下面非谓语动词的两个表格。表1:形式和语态形类 语 式别 态一般式完毕式进行式完毕进行式不定式积极to doto have doneto be doingto have been doing被动to be doneto have been done动名词积极doin

4、ghaving done被动being donehaving been done现在分词积极doing(vt.)having donegoing(vi.)having gone被动being donehaving been done过去分词积极gone(vi.)被动done(vt.)注:不及物动词的过去分词只表达完毕,不表达被动。如:fallen leaves落叶。表2:构造结类 语 构别 态复合构造疑问词+不定式构造独立主格构造不定式积极for sb. to do sth疑问词+to do sth逻辑主语+to do sth被动for sth. to be done疑问词+to be don

5、e逻辑主语+to be done动名词积极Ns doing sth被动Ns being done目前分词积极逻辑主语+doing sth被动逻辑主语+being done过去分词被动逻辑主语+done从用法上讲,非谓语动词和谓语动词都能跟语法成分,均有自己的主语,都需要主谓一致;都在句中充当一定的语法成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词之间,以及不同的非谓语动词之间有相似点,也有不同点。现分述如下:一、所跟语法成分非谓语动词和谓语动词同样,不及物动词的非谓语动词和谓语动词不能跟宾语,但可以跟状语,固然也可以不跟状语。完全性及物动的非谓语动词和谓语动词需要跟宾语或双宾语。不完全性及物动词的非谓语动词和谓语

6、动词跟宾语后还要跟宾语补足语。联系动词的非谓语动词和谓语动词需要跟表语。例句啥。二、自己的主语谓语动词在语法上有自己的主语,而非谓语动词在逻辑上有自己的主语。1. 非谓语动词作宾语或状语时,句子的主语就是其逻辑主语。例如:I like swimming in the sea during the summer.He forgot to close the window when he left.He ran fast enough to catch the bus.He stood in the dim light, reading.He stood there, frightened at

7、the footprints.The question is very hard to answer.2. 非谓语动词作宾语补足语时,宾语就是其逻辑主语。例如:ask somebody to do somethinghave somebody do somethingget the car runninghave something done(something与done之间具有逻辑上的被动的主谓关系,把它们变成句子后,这种关系会更加清晰:Something will be done.)3分词作定语时,它们所修饰的词就是它们的逻辑主语;不定式作定语时,有时它所修饰的词也是它的逻辑主语。例如:W

8、ho is the man standing =(that is standing) at the door?There was no problem settled (= that was settled) at the meeting.Please tell me the subject to be discussed at the next meeting.(The subject will be discussed at the next meeting.)4在for/of sb. to to sth. 构造中,sb.就是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:It was not right for

9、 the South to break away from the Union.Its very kind of you to help me.5在动名词的复合构造sb.s/sb. doing sth.中,sbs和sb就是动名词的逻辑主语。例如:Jacks suddenly disappearing made them worried. It made them worried Jack (=Jacks) suddenly disappearing.(逻辑主语是名词)His coming home is a great event. It is a great event his coming

10、 home.(人称代词)His sister Helen getting married last week was a great event in the town.(名词词组)I am not surprised at old and young falling in love.(名词词组)Today being sunny makes us happy.(时间名词)She is afraid of your ruining yourself.(人称代词)He lives in a house of his own building.(人称代词)In spite of the four

11、telling the same story, I couldnt believe it.(数词)This cannot be said without some getting angry.(不定代词)I am doubtful of this being the best choice.(批示代词)特别提示:动名词的复合构造作主语时,作逻辑主语的名词和人称代词都必须用所有格,但名词词组和指时间的名词常用主格,如有it作形式主语时,作逻辑主语的名词常用主格,而人称代词仍然用所有格;作及物动词的宾语时,名词常用主格,人称代词用所有格和宾格都可以;作介词宾语时,名词、名词词组、数词、不定代词、批

12、示代词常用主格,人称代词常用所有格特别是背面有own时。6在独立主格构造中,非谓语动词前面的名词或主格代词就是其逻辑主语。例如:Spring coming, trees begin to turn green.She having been away, he felt lonely.Everything done, he felt relaxed.We planted 500 trees today, the rest to be planted tomorrow.7在with或without的复合构造中,介词宾语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。例如:With a lot of difficult

13、problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.(上海春季,37)8在Thank you for doing sth.等句型中,sb.就是动名词doing的逻辑主语。例如:Excuse me for coming late.I tried to persuade him out of smoking, but failed.三、主谓一致非谓语动词和谓语动词同样,在人称和数上、在语态或时态上都需要与主语保持一致。1在人称和数上在人称和数上,谓语动词需要与主语保持一致,而非谓语动词作主语时需要与谓语保持一致

14、。即如果主语表达一种整体概念,谓语动词用单数形式;如果表达两个及以上的个体概念,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:As you can see, the number of cars on roads keeps rising these days.正如你所看到的那样,道路上的车辆这几天不断地在增长。(全国,20)Respecting the old and caring for the young is our good tradition in China.尊老爱幼是我们中国的良好老式。Playing football and listening to music on Sundays are m

15、y favorite activities.星期天踢足球和听音乐是我最喜欢的(两项)活动。2在语态上在语态上,谓语动词需要与句子的主语保持一致,而非谓语动词需要与自己的逻辑主语保持一致。即如果主语或逻辑主语与谓语或逻辑谓语之间存在积极关系,谓语动词或逻辑谓语动词就用积极语态,存在被动关系,就用被动语态。一句话,语态的拟定,谓语动词看与主语的关系,非谓语动词看与逻辑主语的关系。语态上,非谓语动词的“积极式”与谓语动词的“积极语态”同义,若把非谓语动词变成句子、从句、并列句或并列成分,谓语动词就用积极语态。非谓语动词的“被动式”与谓语动词的“被动语态”的意义相似,若把非谓语动词变成从句、并列句或并列成分,谓语动词就用被动语态。例如:He was busy writing a story, only stopping once in a while to smoke a cigaret

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