英语姓名常识

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1、英语姓名常识 英语姓名的一般结构为:教名+自取名+姓。如 William Jafferson Clinton。但在很多场合中间名往往略去不写,如 George Bush,而且许多人更喜欢用昵称取代正式教名,如 Bill Clinton。上述教名和中间名又称个人名。 现将英语民族的个人名、昵称和姓氏介绍如下:I. 个人名 按照英语民族的习俗,一般在婴儿接受洗礼的时候,由牧师或父母亲朋为其取名,称为教名。以后本人可以在取用第二个名字,排在教名之后。英语个人名的来源大致有以下几种情况:1. 采用圣经、希腊罗马神话、古代名人或文学名著中的人名作为教名。2. 采用祖先的籍贯,山川河流,鸟兽鱼虫,花卉树木

2、等的名称作为教名。3. 教名的不同异体。4. 采用(小名)昵称。5. 用构词技术制造新的教名,如倒序,合并。6. 将母亲的娘家姓氏作为中间名。 英语民族常用的男子名有:James, John, David, Daniel,Michael, 常见的女子名为:Jane, Mary, Elizabeth, Ann, Sarah, Catherine.II. 昵称 昵称包括爱称、略称和小名,是英语民族亲朋好友间常用来表示亲切的称呼,是在教名的基础上派生出来的。通常有如下情况:1. 保留首音节。如 Donald = Don, Timothy = Tim. 如果本名以元音开头, 则可派生出以N打头的昵称,

3、如:Edward = Ned. 2. +ie 或 -y 如:Don = Donnie, Tim = Timmy. 3. 采用尾音节,如:Anthony = Tony, Beuben = Ben. 4. 由一个教名派生出两个昵称,如:Andrew = Andy & Drew. 5. 不规则派生法,如:William 的一个昵称是 Bill.III. 姓氏 英国人在很长的一段时间里只有名而没有姓。直到16世纪姓氏的使用才广泛流行开来。英语姓氏的词源主要有:1. 直接借用教名,如 Clinton.2. 在教名上加上表示血统关系的词缀,如后缀-s, -son, -ing;前缀 M-, Mc-, Mac

4、-, Fitz- 等均表示某某之子或后代。3. 在教名前附加表示身份的词缀,如 St.-, De-, Du=, La-, Le-.4. 反映地名,地貌或环境特征的,如 Brook, Hill等。5. 反映身份或职业的,如:Carter, Smith. 6. 反映个人特征的,如:Black, Longfellow. 7. 借用动植物名的,如 Bird, Rice. 8. 由双姓合并而来,如 Burne-Jones. 英语姓氏虽然出现较教名晚,但数量要多得多。常用的有:Smith, Miller, Johnson, Brown, Jones, Williams.IV. 几点说明1. 较早产生的源于

5、圣经,希腊罗马神话的教名通常不借用为姓氏。2. 英国人习惯上将教名和中间名全部缩写,如 M. H. Thatcher;美国人则习惯于只缩写中间名,如 Ronald W. Reagan。3. 在姓名之前有时还要有人际称谓,如职务军衔之类。Dr., Prof., Pres. 可以用于姓氏前或姓名前;而Sir 仅用于教名或姓名前。英语课堂教学常用语汇集 1. 上课 (Beginning a class) (1) Lets start now. / Lets begin our class / lesson. (2) Stand up, please. (3) Sit down, please. 2.

6、 问候 (Greeting) (4) Hello, boys and girls / children. (5) Good morning, class / everyone / everybody / children / boys and girls. (6) Good afternoon, class / everyone / everybody / children / boys and girls. (7) How are you today? 3. 考勤 (Checking attendance) (8) Whos on duty today? / Whos helping thi

7、s morning / today? (9) Is everyone / everybody here / present? (10) Is anyone away? / Is anybody away? (11) Is anyone absent? / Is anybody absent? (12) Whos absent? / Whos away? (13) Where is he/ she? (14) Try to be on time. / Dont be late next time. (15) Go back to your seat, please. (16) What day

8、is it today? (17) Whats the date today? (18) Whats the weather like today? (19) Whats it like outside? 4. 宣布(Announcing) (20) Lets start working. / Lets begin / start a new lesson. / Lets begin / start our lesson. (21) First, lets review / do some review. (22) What did we learn in the last lesson? (

9、23) Who can tell / remember what we did in the last lesson / yesterday? (24) Now were going to do something new / different. / Now lets learn something new. (25) We have some now words / sentences. 5. 提起注意 (Directing attention) (26) Ready? / Are you ready? (27) Did you get there? / Do you understand

10、? (28) Is that clear? (29) Any volunteers? (30) Do you know what to do? (31) Be quiet, please. / Quiet, please. (32) Listen, please. (33) Listen carefully, please. (34) Listen to the tape recorder / the recording. (35) Look carefully, please. (36) Look over here. (37) Watch carefully. (38) Are your

11、watching? (39) Please look at the blackboard / picture / map. . . (40) Pay attention to your spelling / pronunciation 6.课堂活动(Classroom activities) (41) Start! / Start now. (42) Everybody together. / All together. (43) Practise in a group. / Practise in groups / in groups, please. (44) Get into group

12、s of three / four . . . (45) Everybody find a partner / friend. (46) In pairs, please. (47) One at a time. / Lets do it one by one. (48) Now you, please. / Your turn Students name). (49) Next, please. Now you do the same, please. (50) Lets act. / Lets act out / do the dialogue. (51) Who wants to be

13、A? (52) Practise the dialogue, please. (53) Now Tom will be A, and the other half will be B. (54) Please take (play) the part of . (55) Whose turn is it? (56) Its your turn. (57) Wait your turn, please. (58) Stand in line. / Line up. (59) One by one. / One at a time, please. (60) In twos. / In pairs

14、. (61) Dont speak out. (62) Turn around. 7. 请求(Request) (63) Could you please try it again? (64) Could you please try the next one? (65) Will you please help me? 8. 鼓励(Encouraging) (66) Can you try? (67) Try, please. (68) Try your best. / Do your best. (69) Think it over and try again. (70) Dont be afraid / shy. 9. 指令(Issuing a command) (71) Say / Read after me, please. (72) Follow me, please. (73) Do what I do. (74) Repeat, please. / Repeat after me. (75) Once more, please. / One more time, please. (76) Come here, please. (77) Please come to the front. / Come up and write

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