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1、On English AmbiguityOutline1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Background3. Classification of Ambiguity3.1 Phonological Ambiguity3.1.1 Intonation3.1.2 Liaison3.1.3 Homophony3.2 Lexical Ambiguity3.2.1 P olysemy3.2.2 Homonymy3.2.3 Historical Change3.2.4 Dialectical Differences 3.3 Syntactic Ambiguity3.3.1
2、Multiple Constituent Structures3.3.2 Multiple Syntactic Functions3.3.3 Ellipsis3.4 Pragmatic Ambiguity4. Approaches of Disambiguity4.1 Adoption of Stress and Pause4.2 Addition of Context4.3 Utilization of Syntactic Structures4.3.1 A lteration of Phrasal Order4.3.2 Reorganization of Sentence4.3.3 A d
3、dition of Omitted Constituents4.4 Replacement of Ambiguous Words4.5 Utilization of Punctuation Marks5. ConclusionAbstract: This paper mainly expounds the reasons of phonological, lexical, syntactic and pragmatic ambiguity, and puts forward five approaches of disambiguity in English: adoption of stre
4、ss and pause, addition of language context, utilization of syntactic structure, replacement of words and utilization of punctuation marks.Key words: ambiguity; reasons; disambiguity; approaches论英语中的歧义现象 摘要： 本文从语音、词汇、句法以及语用四大因素入手，分析了英语中歧义句产生的原因；并在此基础上详细阐述了五种消歧的方法：运用重读、增设语境、利用句法结构、替代词语、利用标点符号。关键词： 歧义；
5、原因；消歧；方法1. Introduction Ambiguity is a subtle but pervasive phenomenon in English. But as to what is ambiguity there are many versions. Chomsky hold that ambiguity occurs when an expression_r_r_r has grammatical structure and is semantically relational but its deep structure can be interpreted in tw
6、o or more ways (1965:25). Yang Ping proposed that ambiguity is with various understandings or multi-meaning (2001:38). Cann stated “A sentence is said to be ambiguous whenever it can be associated with two or more different meanings.” (1993:8) All in all, ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that an e
7、quivocal sentence or expression_r_r_r can be understood in more than one way. On the basis of different definitions, the paper focuses on four perspectives: phonological, lexical, syntactic and pragmatic ambiguity. Since ambiguity is a fundamental problem of language comprehension and an obstacle of
8、 communication, efforts are made into and attention is paid to the resolution of ambiguity so as to achieve successful and effective communication.2. Theoretical BackgroundResearches on English ambiguity can be traced far back to Greece, when Aristotle, a well-known philosopher and thinker discussed
9、 ambiguity in his De Sophistics Elenchis. He pointed out the sophistry caused by language had six sources, among which is ambiguity (1958:257). Since then many western scholars showed interest in the topic. Empson published Seven Types of Ambiguity in 1930, and discussed ambiguity in a literary view
10、 and pointed out that interpreting ambiguity was the basic task of semantics (1930:78). The generative grammar about deep structure and surface structure by Chomsky gave a forceful explanation to ambiguous structure. Ambiguity in Natural Language by Kooij is a great contribution to the study of ambi
11、guity as well as the psycholinguistics. Hallidays functional grammar focused on the function of language by insisting that language structure should be explained in the process of its use (1985:19). And Sus Lexical Ambiguity in Poetry mentioned that the study of ambiguity must be placed in the conte
12、xt of language use.From the above, we find, though ambiguity has been discussed in various linguistic fields, its study just focused on one kind of ambiguity. This paper will analyze ambiguity in five parts: Part One will introduce various definitions of ambiguity; Part Two will review the history o
13、f ambiguity; Part Three will classify ambiguity into phonological, lexical, syntactic and pragmatic level; Part Four will discuss approaches of disambiguity; and Part Five is the conclusion. Next, the classification of ambiguity will be analyzed.3. Classification of AmbiguityAmbiguity appears both i
14、n spoken and written English. The classification of ambiguity will be analyzed at phonological level in oral English and at lexical, syntactic, pragmatic level in written English.3.1 Phonological Ambiguity Phonological ambiguity occurs in oral English. When an expression_r_r_r is read with different
15、 intonations, it tends to be ambiguous. In addition, liaison and homophony are also the factors that result in ambiguity in spoken English.3.1.1 IntonationAs a musical element of an utterance, intonation is often defined as the variation (or the general movement) of the pitch of the voice in connect
16、ed speech (Yu Hui 2001:23). In oral English, sentences convey different information because of intonation placements, thus ambiguity occurs. Consider the following example: (1) a. She has two classmates in Beijing.b. SHE has two classmates in Beijing.c. She has TWO classmates in Beijing.d. She has two CLASSMATES in Beijin
