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1、2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy, to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially tru
2、e in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives. To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue t
3、o do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the
4、product, it was inefficient. Contrast this with fanning since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and
5、to diminishing biodiversity. Whats more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regio
6、ns. All this means that agriculture in the 213r century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th.【答案】可持续发展几乎适用于从能源到清洁水和经济增长的所有领域，因此很难对其背后的基本假设或概念的使用方式提出质疑。在农业方面尤其如此，在农业方面，可持续发展往往被视为进步的唯一衡量标准，而没有适当地从历史和文化角度加以评价。首先，重要的是要记住，农业的性质在历史上已经发生了显著的变化，并将继续发生变化。北欧的中世纪农业为主要的农村社会提供了食物、衣服和庇护，人口密度
7、比今天低得多。它对生物多样性的影响微乎其微，而且它造成的任何污染都是局部的。就能量使用和产品中获取的营养而言，它是低效的。这与工业革命开始以来的扇风形成了鲜明对比。来自海外的竞争促使农民专业化并提高产量。在此期间，食物变得更便宜、更安全、更可靠。然而，这些变化也导致了栖息地的丧失和生物多样性的减少。此外，发展中国家对动物产品的需求增长如此之快，以至于到2050年每年需要额外增加3亿吨谷物才能满足需求。然而，城市和工业的发展正在减少许多地区可供农业使用的水资源。所有这一切意味着，21世纪的农业将与20世纪大不相同。2. 写作题Directions: In this part, you are r
8、equired to wife a composition entitled How to S(“e the Problem of Pollution. You should write at least 200 words, and base your composition on the outline below. Write your composition on Answer Sheet 2.1. 随着社会的发展，各种原因造成的污染越来越严重2. 这些污染对我们生活的影响3. 我们应该如何减少污染 【答案】略3. 写作题Directions: In this part, you ar
9、e asked to write a composition on the title of Effect of Research or Study Event on My Later Life and Work , with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in English. Put your composition on Answer Sheet 2.1. What is the most unforgettable event
10、 in your research or study?2. Why is it so unforgettable?3. What is the effect of the research or study event on your later life and work? 【答案】略4. 单选题The advancement of science and technology has demonstrated that a fact appearing to contradict to certain theory may actually be （ ） a more advanced f
11、ormulation of that theory.问题1选项A.consistent withB.eliminated byC.in opposition toD.incompatible with【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。be consistent with与一致，符合；in opposition to与相反；be incompatible with与不相容的；句意：先进的科学技术证明了如果一个看似与某一理论相悖的事实，实际可能与一个更先进的理论形式相符。由actually可知前后有相反的意味，故此空意思应与contradict意义相反，故A项正确。5. 单选题The directi
12、ons were so（ ） that it was impossible to complete the assignment.问题1选项A.ingeniousB.ambitiousC.notoriousD.ambiguous【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。ingenious有独创性的，机灵的；ambitious野心勃勃的，有雄心的；notorious声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的；ambiguous模糊不清的，模棱两可的。能修饰directions的只有D项“模糊不清的”，故D项正确。句意：该指示如此模糊不清以致于不可能完成这项任务。6. 单选题For 150 years scientists
13、have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet，even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavel
14、engths of the light from ever reaching the ground.With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Suns output without being impeded by the Earths atmosphere. Solar Max. a satellite from theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuri
15、ng the Suns output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellites control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Maxs observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after a
16、ll.The satellites instruments have detected frequent，small variations in the Suns energy output generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Suns mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of
