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1、医学英语翻译中长句及被动句的研究1长句、难句医学文献中常常需要表达多重密切相关的概念,同时科技英语文体还特别讲究推理严谨和叙述准确,因此,句中常出现包含有许多附加成分的简单句和有许多从句的复合句。常常是一个主句带着若干个从句,从句带短语,短语带从句,从句套从句,互相依附,相互制约,一步接一步,一环扣一环。要理解原文,除了要弄清词义,还要根据原文的句子结构,搞清这些词之间的语法关系。具体说,首先应弄清整句的脉络,先搞清该句是简单句还是复合句。若是简单句,则首先确定其主语和谓语动词,然后再逐个确定其它附属成分或修饰语等;若是复合句,则首先确定是并列复合句,还是主从复合句。若是并列复合句,则先分别按
2、简单句的方法对各并列子句进行分析,然后再根据其间连词的含义,构筑整句的语义。若是主从复合句,则先分别确定主句和从句,而后弄清各子句的类型,是定语从句,还是状语从句,或其它。然后,再按简单句的方法分析每个句子,包括主句和各子句。在分析句中各语法成分时,将主语或宾语搞错的很少,弄错的往往是谓语动词。主要原因是英语中规则动词的过去时形态,与该动词的非谓语形式的过去分词大多相同。医学英语中动词的非谓语形式用得很多,众多的动词以相同的形式出现在同一句中,加上动词的过去时形态又没有数的变化,因此,稍不注意,就会将作定语用的过去分词误认为是谓语动词。1.1长句、难句的分析方法首先分析句子的语法结构,然后搞清
3、句子的逻辑关系(因果、时间、条件等),最后按照汉语的习惯和表达方式,正确译出原文的意思,但不必拘泥于原文的形式。例一 : An immediate practical problem in dealing with a patient who is thought to have viral meningitisis to exclude the presence of leptospirosis or a bacterial infection that might be susceptible to antimicrobial therapy. 译文:在处理一个被认为是患病毒性脑膜炎病人时
4、,一个迫切的实际问题是排除掉细螺旋体病或可能对抗菌疗法敏感的细菌性感染。说明:翻译此句的要点是能识别出主语是problem,谓语部分是is to exclude., 而 in dealing.短语是定语,修饰problem,此短语中又包含一个who引导的定语从句,修饰a patient,在谓语句中that might be.是定语从句,修饰infection。例二:Women with fibroid tumors usually have no knowledge of their presence until the tumor gets so large that there is a
5、sense of heaviness in the lower abdomen, or until they are conscious of frequent urination from pressure on the bladder or until pressure on the rectum causes obstinate constipation.译文:有子宫纤维瘤的妇女,通常直到肿瘤长得相当大以致下腹有沉重感觉时,或直到由于膀胱受压而发觉小便频繁时,或直到由于直肠受压而引起顽固性便秘时,才知道子宫内存在瘤了。说明:此句主谓语部分是Women.have no knowledge
6、of their presence。 that there is a sense of heaviness in the lower abdomen是由从属连接词that与前面的副词so连用引导的结果状语从句 ; until the tumor gets., until they are conscious., until pressure on the rectum causes.,是由三个从属连接词until引导的并列的时间状语从句。例三 : A review of 113 bacteriologically proven cases of meningococcemia at the R
7、oyal Childrens Hospital from 1990 to 2003, confirmed the prognostic value of these criteria of DIC ( disseminated infravascular coagulation),so accurate that those cases with more than three of these features present were associated with a very high mortality. 译文:通过回顾19902003年间皇家儿童医院的113例为细菌学所证实的脑膜炎
8、球菌血症之后,证实了关于弥漫性血管下凝血的诊断指标的预后价值。这些指标是如此准确,以致符合其中三项以上者均伴有较高的死亡率。说明:此句中主语、谓语、宾语分别是 : a review, confirmed, the prognostic value; 主语和谓语之间的 of 介词短语作定语,修饰 a review; 宾语后的of 短语也作定语, 修饰 value ; so. that 引出结果状语从句,其中 those cases 为主语, were associated with 为谓语, with 短语作定语,修饰 cases。1. 2 长句 、难句的翻译方法长句的翻译方法多种多样,但基本原
9、则有两条,即拆句和改变顺序。拆句是把原文的一个句子拆成汉语的几个分句,改变顺序指的是按汉语表达习惯,重新排列拆出的分句。依据这两条原则,实际翻译时,一般可采用下列译法。1. 2. 1 顺译法如果长句的叙事层次依次相接,与汉语的习惯大体相同,可按原文顺序翻译。有时为了使前后语气衔接,可增加必要的词语。例 :Due to the deposit left by evaporating perspiration, the collection of oily, and adhering dirt, it is necessary to clean the skin regularly. 译文 : 由
10、于汗蒸发留下的沉积物,油状皮脂物质的聚集和粘着的污垢,经常清洁皮肤是必要的。1.2.2逆译法当英语长句的叙述层次与汉语习惯相反,若硬按原文词序翻译就会造成概念模糊,译文不通。这时,就必须逆着原文顺序翻译。例 : The information thus obtained is of no value unless the physician is familiar with the ways in which various maladies affect the body to be able to select and correlate the pertinent facts in an
11、y given case and to recognize the clinical pictures which they indicate.译文:如果医生不熟悉各种疾病感染机体的方式,不能在任何特定的疾病中选择出有关的事实,把它们联系起来,并认识这些事实所表示的临床征象,那么这样得到的资料是没有价值的。1.2.3分译法当长句中的主句与从句,分词短语、介词短语等与所修饰的词之间的关系不很紧密,各自具有相对的独立性时,往往可把这种从句或短语分开来翻译,译成独立的句子。为了使前后语气连贯,可酌情增减适当的词。例 : A woman aged 29 was see n four weeks aft
12、er a third uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery with a-week history of lower back pain.译文:一女性患者,29岁,第三次妊娠和分娩时无任何并发症,四周后下背部疼痛持续一周。2被动句医学英语着重描写的是事物的过程,不是动作的执行者,而且被动结构能给读者以客观、不带个人感情色彩的印象,所以被动句在医学文献中应用很广。翻译时不能一概沿用原文的句式结构,通常要将被动语态转化为主动结构,用规范的汉语表达方式,忠实而恰当地反映出原作的真实含义。英语被动句,可有以下几种译法:2.1保留被动句的主语,把被动谓语译为主动谓语例
13、一:Children a re more often afflicted than adults, and epidemics in schools and institutions are commonly observed.译文:儿童比成年人更易患病,在学校和福利院常可见此病流行。例二: A t least five million Americans are being treated for diabetes, and another five million will develop it sometime in their lives.译文:至少五百万美国人正在接受糖尿病的治疗,而
14、还有五百万人在他们的一生中迟早会患此病。2.2把被动语态的主语译为宾语,即汉语的无主语句例一:Much has been learnt about their clinical features, course and prognosis.译文:关于其临床特征,病程及预后,已知甚详。例二 : This method is preferred in a patient with a bleeding tendency since the periphery of a cauterized area may begin to bleed. 译文 : 由于烧灼区周围还可能再出血,对有出血倾向的患者宜用此法。2. 3 补出一合适的主语,把原句的主语译为宾语例一 : In this investigation, thirty adolescent and young adults were interviewed between eight and twenty
