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1、9Effective Ways of Helping Middle School Students Memorize WordsAs is well known, the English language boasts a large number of words. If English learners memorize words one by one, it will be time-consuming and effortless for them to learn vocabulary. Furthermore, English vocabulary is changing fro
2、m time to time with the development of the society and many new words appear with time passing. The reason is that English has not only the characteristics of other languages, but also the distinctive feature of productivity. And English vocabulary is expanded at a significantly high speed mainly be
3、cause of its powerful word-formation ability. So if English learners start from the analysis of the internal structure of English vocabulary to grasp the rules of word-formation, it will be helpful for them to get twice the result with half the effort to remember vocabulary. Thus, it is necessary fo
4、r middle school students to learn English word-formation. In this part, some ways of word-formation are introduced as follows: A. AffixationAffixation is the most productive one to form a great range of words and it is believed to be one of the best ways of learning English. Bedsides, compounding, c
5、onversion, blending, clipping, acronyms, back-formation and onomatopoeia are also effective word-formation ways of learning English. Affixation is the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation. Affixation shows the lexical relation between r
6、oots and affixes. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation. i. PrefixationPrefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to the stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem. Their chief
7、 function is to change its meaning, although there are a few exceptions. According to the meaning, prefixes can be divided into: negative prefixes, prefixes of reversative or privative, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of orientation and attitude, prefixes of locative, prefi
8、xes of time and order, prefixes of number, prefixes of miscellaneous neo-classical, prefixes of conversion. In the following table, some examples of English derivational prefixes are presented. Table 1: PrefixationPrefixesChangeExamplesun- adj. adj.unhappy, unhealthy, uncertaindis-verb verbdislike,
9、disagree, disapprovepseudo-noun nounpseudoscience, pseudographadj. adj.pseudoclassic, pseudoaquaticmini-noun nounminibus, miniskirt, minicab ii. SuffixationSuffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stem. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes h
10、ave only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem. The following examples in table 2 are some English derivational suffixes. Table 2: Suf
11、fixationSuffixes ChangeExamples-ableverb - adj.fixable, respectable-alverb - nounproposal, refusal, disposal-ingverb - adj.exciting, moving, touching-iveverb - adj.exertive, impressive, restrictive-fulnoun - nounmouthful, spoonful-fulnoun - adj.hopeful, wonderful, faithful-izenoun - verbrealize, fin
12、alize, hospitalize-nessadj. - nounhappiness, sadness, shynessB. CompoundingCompounding is also called composition. It is a word-formation by joining two or more bases to form a new unit. i. Orthographically, compound words may be written in 3 various ways: solid, hyphenated, and open. If there is ne
13、ither character space nor hyphen in some compound word, that is to say, if the compound word is made up of two completely separate words without anything between the letters of this word, then this compound word is considered solid. eg: week + end = weekend; under + line = underline break + through
14、= breakthrough; bed + time = bedtime; friend + ship = friendship; green + house = greenhouse.If there is a hyphen in some compound word, that is to say, if the compound word is made up of two completely separate words with a hyphen between the two separate words, then the compound word is considered
15、 hyphenated. eg: sleep + walk = sleep-walk; state + owned = state-owned above + mentioned = above-mentioned; air + condition = air-condition.If there is a character space in some compound word, that is to say, if the compound word is made up of two completely separate words with a character space between these two words, and it looks like two separate words but in fact it is one independent word, then the compound word is considered open. eg: reading + material = reading material; black +board = black board; happy + group = happy group; hand + pick = hand pick; green +house =
