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1、不定式作定语的用法不定式及其短语作定语，与其他短语作定语一样，一般都放在被修饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来 的动作，有时也可以表示某一过去的特定动作。一些名词后常用不定式作定语，如：chance(机会)，way(方法)，time(时间)等；另外，the first,the seco nd,the last,the only等作名词或者它们作形容词用来修饰代词，它们或它们所修饰的代词后，也常用不定式作定语。不定式作定语时，不定式与被修饰词之间存在的关系复杂，有的是主谓关系；有的是动宾关系；有 的是动状关系，还有的不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系。1、主谓关系的(1)We must find a pers
2、on to do the work.(2) There is no one to take care of her.(3) In my family,my mother is always the first one to get up.(4) He is always the first to come and the last to leave.(5) We n eed some one to go and get a doctor.2、动宾关系的如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系，不定式里的动词必须是及物动词。注意：是及物动词的，后面不要再加宾语，因为前面的被修饰词是它的宾语；是
3、不及物动词的， 要加上适当的介词或副词让它变成及物动词，只有这样，它才能带上前面的宾语。(1) He has a lot of books to read.(2) I would like a magazine to look at.(3) Here is some advice for you to follow.(4) Do you have any thi ng else to say?(5) There is no one to take care of.(6) She has nothing to worry about.3、动状关系的 被修饰词如果是不定式里动词的状语，应多用介词短
4、语。由于被修饰词前没有介词，所以只能在不定式里的动词后加介词。(1) Please give me some paper to write on.(2) Lets find a room to put these thi ngs in (3) I have no house to live in.(4) He has no pen to write with.(5) There are five pairs to choose from.4、 不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的被修饰词与不定式里的动词不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的，被修饰词多是些抽象名词。(1) I have no time to g
5、o to the movie.(2)Theres no need to send for a doctor. (3) Wheres the best place to meet?(4) Is that the way to do it?(5) Im not sure about his ability to complete the task alone.现在分词作定语状语的用法现在分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。现在分词用定语时相当于一个定语从句； 作状语表示时间、原因、条件等时相当于一个状语从句。然而，我们在使用现在分词时 应注意两方面的问题。一、作定诅现在分词短语作定语逋常置所修馀的名词
6、或代词Z后，现在分词短语作方置定语 时，应注意下列三点：1. 现在分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作是一先一后发生而不是同时发生时， 不能用现在分词作定语，应使用定语从句表示。如：The teacher criticized the stude nt hav ing broke n the win dow.The teacher criticized the stude nt who had broke n the win dow.Do you know anyone hav ing lost a car ? Do you know anyone who have lost a car ?2.
7、 be ing可用状语或补语，但不可作定语。如：Anybody being outside after ten o clock will be criticized. T)Anybody who is outside after ten o clock will be criticized.3表示经常性或已完成的非进行动作的时候，不用现在分词作定语。例如：供） The boy bringing us milk everyday is my brother.T） The boy who brings us milk everyday is my brother.二、作状诅现在分词作状诅,我心必须
8、注意以下阿点:1现在分词作状语与谓语动词的时间关系。现在分词所表小-的动作与谓语动近表小的动作同时发生时，现在分词用一般式。女口：The secretary worked late into the ni ght, prepari ng a long speech for the preside nt. He sent me an E-mail, hoping to get further information.现在分词所表小的动作先:谓诅动词的动作时，现在分同要用完成式。如：Havi ng suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor W
9、hite has to take some medici ne with him whe never he goes.Having fini shed his homework, the boy went out to play football.2. 现在分词作状语与主语的关系。现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子主语必须 保持一致。如果不一致，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。如：Look ing out of the win dow of our hotel room, we could see lots of mountains around.They came into the
10、 classroom, talking and laughing.Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put off.It being a fine day, we all wan ted to go out ing.3. 现在分词作状语时，前面可用连词whe n, while, once等。如：Whe n talk ing to you, I always feel happy.Be careful while crossing the street.4. 现在分词作状语时与主语之间不能有并列连词or, and, but等,因为并列连词
11、连接 的是两个并列的成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分，但分词与主语之间可用逗号。如：Having been told many times, but he still couldn t understand it.-下 Having been told many times, he still couldn t understand it.过去分词的主要用法非谓语动词除了包括不定式、动名词和现在分词之外，还包括过去分词。过去分词又 称-ed分词，在句中可以构成句子的谓语和复合宾语，也可以用作句子的表语、定语和状 语。一、过去分词构成谓语和作表语的情况1. 和某些助动词一起构成句子的谓语：
12、I have n t bee n out much rece ntly我最近没太出门。分析:过去分词been和have的否定形式haven t 起构成句子的谓语（完成否定形 式）have n t bee n。It was said that he had bee n arrestee据 说他被捕了。分析:过去分词arrested和 be的完成形式had beer一起构成句子的谓语（用了被动语 态）。2. 在句中用作表语:I am awfully worried. Daddy is ill.我很着急，我爸爸病了。分析： 过去分词worried作表语，和am 一起构成系表结构。二、过去分词和它所补
13、充说明的名词一起构成复合宾语这种用法又可分为两种情况：1. 过去分词和名词一起构成复合宾语。 例如 :She didnt want her daughter taken out after dark.她不希望天黑后女儿被带出门。分析：过去分词短语taken out作名词短语her daughter的补语，并和该名词短语一起构成复合宾语。2. 介词 with 后有时也可以跟这类复合宾语。例如 ：He sat with his arms clasped round his knees. 他双手抱膝坐着。That year ended with nothing settled. 那一年什么事也没解决
14、就结束了。分析:在这两句话中,过去分词clasped和settled分别作his arms和nothing的补语， 并一起构成介词的复合宾语。三、过去分词用作定语修饰名词1. 表示情绪的过去分词可以作定语 ,这些过去分词主要有satisfied,frightened,worried,pleased,confused,embarrassed,surprised,astonished, agitated,puzzled等。例女口 :Marti n s con fused sorrows turned to optimism马 丁烦乱的悲哀情绪转而变成乐观情 绪。He did n t notice
15、the surprised look on her face他 没有注意到她脸上惊讶的表情。分析:在这两个例句中，过去分词confused和surprised均作定语,分别修饰名词 sorrows 和 look。2. 一些过去分词用作定语并与其修饰的名词构成固定搭配。例如:boiled water开水canned food 罐头食品 required courses必修课 united front 统一战线3. 过去分词和名词、形容词、副词等一起构成复合形容词。例如 :a simply-fur ni shed apartme nt套陈设简单的房间a cautiously-worded stateme nt措辞谨慎的声明stro ngly-motivated stude nts学习动力很强的学生4. 带有完成意义的一些过去分词也可以作定语。例如 :the rise n sun ( = the sun that has just rise初 升的太阳vani shed jewels消失了的珠宝an exploded bomb (a bomb that has explode爆 炸了的炸弹 returned stude nts归国留学生注:有些以-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变来的形容词。例如：armored cars装
